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The commands below cover Oracle JDK 27 naming as shown in Oracle’s current Linux catalog. Release numbers and filenames change, so copy the exact current filename from Oracle’s download page instead of hard-coding an old patch number.
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What you need before installing
You need shell access with an account that can use sudo for a system-wide installation, enough disk space for the JDK and your application, and a supported 64-bit CPU. Oracle’s Linux bundles documented here are 64-bit only.
Check the CPU architecture and operating system
uname -m
. /etc/os-release && printf '%s %sn' "$ID" "$VERSION_ID"Interpret the architecture result as follows:
x86_64means download Oracle’s Linux x64 build for Intel or AMD 64-bit processors.aarch64orarm64means download Oracle’s Linux aarch64 (ARM64) build.- A 32-bit result is not covered by the current Linux bundles in this guide; stop rather than installing a mismatched binary.
Update package metadata and install the utilities used by the procedures:
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sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y ca-certificates curl tarca-certificates lets HTTPS clients validate Oracle’s certificate, curl can retrieve the artifact or checksum after you have accepted the license, and tar extracts the archive. A Debian package installation also uses the already-installed dpkg utility.
Choose the archive or Debian package
| Decision | Oracle .tar.gz |
Oracle .deb |
|---|---|---|
| Root access | Not required when extracted under a directory the user owns; sudo is normally used for /opt. |
Required because the package installs system-wide. |
| Typical location | A chosen directory such as /opt/oracle or $HOME/.local/lib. |
/usr/lib/jvm/jdk-<VERSION>-oracle-<ARCH>, according to Oracle’s package layout. |
| Multiple versions | Easy to keep side by side and select with a symlink or alternatives. | Managed as installed packages; parallel versions depend on the package names and alternatives entries available. |
| Lifecycle | You replace or add directories manually and remove old ones after migration. | dpkg records the installation and package removal is handled through Debian’s package tools. |
| Best fit | Private application runtimes, controlled deployments, or a non-root account. | A host-wide Java installation that should follow Debian filesystem conventions. |
Neither route is inherently faster at runtime. The meaningful differences are ownership, filesystem placement, upgrade handling, and how explicitly you control more than one JDK.
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Get the correct Oracle artifact
Use Oracle’s current download listing
Oracle requires acceptance of its license agreement before downloading the JDK. Open Oracle’s current Java downloads catalog, accept the license for the release you intend to use, and select the Linux x64 or Linux aarch64 artifact that matches uname -m. The catalog currently lists JDK 27 archives for both architectures and an x64 Debian package; a later update may change the release number or available package architectures.
Download the exact filename displayed for your release. Oracle states that download URL patterns remain stable across update releases, which is useful for automation, but the filename and checksum still need to be refreshed when you update.
Verify the SHA-256 checksum
Oracle exposes a SHA-256 link beside each listed binary. Download that checksum information from the same release listing and compare it with the file on the VPS before extracting or installing it. If the downloaded checksum is a plain value followed by a filename, this works:
sha256sum -c jdk-<VERSION>_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz.sha256If Oracle provides a different checksum-file format, compute the local value and compare it with the published value:
sha256sum jdk-<VERSION>_linux-x64_bin.tar.gzDo not continue when the values differ. A mismatch can mean a partial download, a wrong architecture, a stale checksum, or an altered file. Re-download the artifact and checksum from Oracle’s current listing and check again.
Install Oracle Java from a tar.gz archive
The archive is relocatable: extraction creates a JDK directory containing bin/java, bin/javac, and the other tools. The archive does not automatically become Debian or Ubuntu’s default Java.
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System-wide archive under /opt
For a shared VPS, use a versioned directory and a stable symlink. Replace the filename and directory name with the release shown by Oracle:
sudo install -d -m 0755 /opt/oracle
sudo tar -xzf jdk-<VERSION>_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/oracle
sudo ln -sfn /opt/oracle/jdk-<VERSION> /opt/oracle/jdk-currentFor ARM64, use Oracle’s aarch64 archive filename instead of the x64 name. The extracted directory is named for the JDK release. Confirm what was created:
ls -ld /opt/oracle/jdk-*
ls -l /opt/oracle/jdk-current/bin/javaKeep the extracted tree readable and executable by the account that runs the application. Do not make the entire JDK world-writable; an attacker who can replace bin/java or a library can execute arbitrary code whenever a service starts.
Per-user archive under the home directory
A non-root account can install its own JDK below a writable directory:
mkdir -p "$HOME/.local/lib"
tar -xzf jdk-<VERSION>_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz -C "$HOME/.local/lib"
ln -sfn "$HOME/.local/lib/jdk-<VERSION>" "$HOME/.local/lib/jdk-current"This avoids changing the host’s Java selection. It is useful when you cannot obtain sudo, when one application needs a different JDK, or when testing an update without affecting existing services.
Set JAVA_HOME and PATH for an interactive shell
For the system-wide /opt installation, add the environment to the account that will launch Java applications:
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cat >> ~/.profile <<'EOF'
export JAVA_HOME=/opt/oracle/jdk-current
export PATH="$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH"
EOF
. ~/.profileFor a per-user installation, set JAVA_HOME to $HOME/.local/lib/jdk-current instead. The profile is read by many login shells, but an already-open shell may need the . ~/.profile command or a new login before the change appears.
Putting $JAVA_HOME/bin first in PATH makes commands such as java, javac, and jar resolve to this JDK for that account. It does not change the alternatives selection for other users.
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Install Oracle Java from the Debian package
Oracle’s Debian route is system-wide and documented for an x64 package. Download the current x64 .deb after accepting the license and checking its SHA-256 value, then install the exact file:
sudo dpkg -i jdk-<VERSION>_linux-x64_bin.debOracle places the package under a path similar to:
/usr/lib/jvm/jdk-<VERSION>-oracle-<ARCH>The package may register Java commands with Debian’s alternatives system. Inspect the result rather than assuming which version was selected:
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ls -ld /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-*-oracle-*Repair missing dependencies
If dpkg reports unmet dependencies, let APT complete the dependency configuration and then run the package installation again:
sudo apt-get -f install
sudo dpkg -i jdk-<VERSION>_linux-x64_bin.debRead the APT transaction before confirming it. Do not use an unrelated package from another distribution or architecture to silence the error. If the package still fails, check that the VPS is a supported Debian or Ubuntu release and that the downloaded file matches the host architecture.
Make Oracle Java the Debian or Ubuntu default
A tarball installation is just files until you either call its absolute path, set JAVA_HOME, or register it with update-alternatives. Register both the runtime and compiler so tools do not end up using different JDKs.
Register a tarball installation
With the stable symlink from the archive procedure, run:
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sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac /opt/oracle/jdk-current/bin/javac 20000The final number is the alternatives priority. A higher priority can win automatic selection, but use explicit configuration when you need a predictable result. Select the desired entries:
sudo update-alternatives --config java
sudo update-alternatives --config javacEach command displays numbered candidates. Enter the number whose path points to the intended Oracle JDK. Selecting java does not automatically select the matching javac; configure both.
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Inspect alternatives after a .deb installation
A package may already have created alternatives entries. Display them first:
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sudo update-alternatives --display java
sudo update-alternatives --display javacIf the Oracle entry exists, choose it with the corresponding --config command. If it does not, register the package’s actual paths, not a guessed version string:
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-<VERSION>-oracle-<ARCH>/bin/java 20000
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-<VERSION>-oracle-<ARCH>/bin/javac 20000Use the directory shown by ls /usr/lib/jvm; package naming can differ between releases and architectures.
Verify the runtime, compiler, path, and environment
Run all of these checks as the account that will use Java:
java -version
javac -version
readlink -f "$(command -v java)"
update-alternatives --display java
printf 'JAVA_HOME=%sn' "$JAVA_HOME"
"${JAVA_HOME:-/usr}/bin/java" -versionjava -versionshould identify the intended Oracle JDK release. Oracle specifically documents this command as confirmation of the recently installed default JDK.javac -versionconfirms that the compiler is present; it distinguishes a full JDK from a runtime-only setup.readlink -fresolves/usr/bin/javathrough alternatives and symbolic links to the actual executable.update-alternatives --display javashows all registered candidates and the active mode.- The
JAVA_HOMEoutput must match the directory containing the selectedbin/java.
If java and javac report different releases, configure both alternatives entries again or remove an old PATH entry that appears before /usr/bin or $JAVA_HOME/bin.
Verify a systemd service separately
Services usually do not read a user’s .profile. A shell test can therefore succeed while an already-running daemon still uses an older JDK. Set the runtime explicitly in the unit, for example:
[Service]
Environment="JAVA_HOME=/opt/oracle/jdk-current"
Environment="PATH=/opt/oracle/jdk-current/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin"
ExecStart=/opt/oracle/jdk-current/bin/java -jar /srv/example/app.jarAfter editing the unit, reload it, restart the service, and inspect its status and logs:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart example.service
sudo systemctl status example.service
sudo journalctl -u example.service -n 100 --no-pagerUsing an absolute ExecStart path removes ambiguity when several JDKs coexist. The service account must be able to traverse and read the JDK directory and the application files.
Troubleshooting common failures
“Exec format error” or an immediate crash
The binary probably does not match the CPU architecture. Run uname -m, remove the wrong archive or package, and obtain the corresponding x64 or aarch64 build. Do not try to fix an architecture mismatch with alternatives.
java: command not found
For an archive, confirm that $JAVA_HOME/bin is in the current shell’s PATH, source the profile again, or call the absolute path. For a system-wide default, check whether /usr/bin/java exists and whether an alternatives entry was registered.
The version is still the old one
Run type -a java and readlink -f "$(command -v java)". An earlier JDK directory in PATH, a shell command hash, or an unchanged alternatives selection can all point to the old executable. Open a new login shell after changing profile files, then select the intended entries for both java and javac.
Permission denied when a service starts
Check the service’s user, directory traversal permissions, and the ownership of the extracted JDK. A private installation below one user’s home directory may be inaccessible to a daemon running as another account. Move the archive to a shared location such as /opt with restrictive but readable permissions, or install the package system-wide.
Checksum verification fails
Delete the incomplete file, download the artifact and checksum again from the same Oracle release listing, and ensure the checksum belongs to the exact architecture and filename. Never install a file whose digest does not match Oracle’s published value.
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Record the artifact filename, checksum, installation date, selected path, and service changes in your change log. For a controlled update, install the new JDK alongside the current one, test the application with its absolute path or a staging symlink, and switch only after the test succeeds.
Archive update with a stable symlink
sudo tar -xzf jdk-<NEW_VERSION>_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/oracle
sudo ln -sfn /opt/oracle/jdk-<NEW_VERSION> /opt/oracle/jdk-currentIf alternatives points to /opt/oracle/jdk-current/bin/java, the symlink change affects the next process launch. Restart each service deliberately and verify its logs. If a test fails, point jdk-current back to the previous directory and restart the affected service.
Alternatives-based rollback
When each archive has its own registered path, run sudo update-alternatives --config java and sudo update-alternatives --config javac, then choose the previous entries. Keep an old directory until every service has been tested on the replacement; deleting it first leaves alternatives pointing at a nonexistent executable.
Removing an old Debian package
Identify the exact package recorded by dpkg -l before removing it. Check which services and alternatives entries use that JDK, switch them to the replacement, and then remove the old package with the package manager. Do not manually delete a package-managed directory while its package remains installed.
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Ubuntu’s official guidance notes that Oracle HotSpot and OpenJDK generally have no functional difference for most applications. OpenJDK is maintained in Ubuntu’s archive and has clearer licensing and support integration there. Oracle JDK can still be the required choice for a vendor certification, a company standard, or a workload that explicitly names Oracle’s distribution. Decide based on your application’s support and licensing requirements, not on an assumption that one VM is universally faster.
Quick Recap
Operational checklist
- Confirm
x86_64versusaarch64/arm64before downloading. - Accept Oracle’s license and copy the current filename from its download catalog.
- Retrieve and verify the matching SHA-256 checksum.
- Choose
.tar.gzfor a relocatable or user-level install, or.debfor a system-wide package-managed install. - Set
JAVA_HOMEandPATHfor interactive users. - Register and select both
javaandjavacwhen Oracle Java should be the Debian or Ubuntu default. - Verify runtime version, compiler version, resolved executable, alternatives state, and
JAVA_HOME. - Configure service units explicitly, restart them, and inspect their own logs.
- Keep the previous JDK until the application has passed testing and rollback is no longer needed.
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