Give an AI SQL agent a dedicated database identity with permission to read only an explicit allow-list of tables or curated views. Let the database enforce that boundary; a prompt asking the agent to use only SELECT is not access control. Add row-level security when the agent must see different rows for different users or tenants.
What should the agent be allowed to reach?
Decide the permitted data surface before creating credentials. Specify the databases, schemas, tables or views, columns, and—if necessary—rows the agent needs for its task. Data being present in the same database does not make it necessary or appropriate to expose.
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For a finite set of tables, grant access to those objects only. If the agent needs selected columns or a stable reporting join, consider exposing a curated view and granting access to that view instead of its underlying tables. OWASP’s SQL injection prevention guidance describes views as one way to limit access to selected fields or joins; whether a view provides the intended boundary depends on the database engine’s security and ownership rules.
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Choose the right database boundary
| Approach | What it restricts | When it fits | Key consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Object-level grants | Which tables or views the identity can access | The agent needs a defined set of objects | Review role membership and inherited grants, not just grants made directly to the identity. |
| Curated views | Which selected columns, rows, or joins are exposed through an object | The agent needs a reporting-friendly or narrower interface than the base tables provide | Keep base tables inaccessible to the agent and review view ownership, execution context, and referenced functions. |
| Row-level security (RLS) | Which rows are visible or, depending on the engine and policy, modifiable | Different users or tenants must see different rows in an otherwise permitted object | RLS complements object grants; it does not decide which tables the agent may access. |
| Backend tool checks | Which operations and resources the application allows the agent to request | You need application-level authorization or want to constrain available tools | Keep database permissions as the enforcement boundary if a tool check or model behavior fails. |
For tenant-specific data, separate credentials or connections scoped to each user or tenant can make the identity boundary explicit. A shared identity with database-enforced RLS may also fit, but requires a reliable way to bind each request to the correct authorization context. Do not assume that a user identity mentioned in a prompt establishes that context.
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Create a dedicated identity and grant only the required access
Use a database login, user, or service identity reserved for the agent—not an application writer, developer, administrator, owner, or built-in privileged account. Grant only the connection and read permissions it needs. Avoid broad database- or schema-level permissions unless every object covered by that scope is intentionally approved.
PostgreSQL example: grant access to one view
This illustrates the shape of an object-scoped grant, not a drop-in hardening script. Run an adapted version as an authorized administrator only after reviewing existing privileges and the deployment’s role design:
-- Adapt names and review existing grants before use.
CREATE ROLE sql_agent LOGIN PASSWORD 'managed-out-of-band';
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE appdb TO sql_agent;
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA reporting TO sql_agent;
GRANT SELECT ON TABLE reporting.allowed_view TO sql_agent;
-- Do not grant write, DDL, ownership, or broader role membership.PostgreSQL treats SELECT and modifying privileges as distinct permissions. This example does not remove access the role might receive through other paths: inspect existing PUBLIC grants, role memberships, default privileges, ownership, functions, sequences, and temporary-object capabilities for the PostgreSQL version and configuration in use. PostgreSQL owners have inherent authority over their objects, so the agent should not own the view or its underlying objects. See the PostgreSQL 19 privileges documentation and PostgreSQL 17 row-security documentation for the respective permission and RLS models.
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SQL Server: avoid grants broader than the allow-list
SQL Server permissions granted at database or schema scope can reach subordinate objects. If the agent should read only particular tables or views, use object-level grants and inspect covering permissions and role membership. Microsoft identifies object-level SELECT as the most granular of the grant scopes illustrated in its permissions documentation. Do not grant database or schema-wide SELECT unless that entire scope is approved.
Views need an engine-specific security review
A view can reduce exposure, but it is not automatically a security barrier simply because it selects fewer columns. Revoke or omit the agent’s base-table access, then check how the chosen database evaluates the view, its owner, referenced functions, and any definer-context behavior. For example, MySQL’s stored-object documentation distinguishes invoker-security views and routines, which perform operations allowed to the invoker. Verify the semantics for your own database engine and version.
Use row-level security when authorization differs by row
Table and view grants govern which objects are reachable. RLS governs which rows a permitted identity can see or affect under the database’s policy model. Use both when a shared table contains records belonging to users or tenants with different access rights.
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PostgreSQL policies can govern rows returned by ordinary queries as well as rows affected by data-modification commands. Once RLS is enabled, normal access must be allowed by a policy; if no policy applies, the default is deny. PostgreSQL superusers and roles with BYPASSRLS bypass row security, and table owners normally do too. An agent identity must not have those bypassing properties if RLS is part of its boundary.
SQL Server implements RLS through security policies and predicate functions. Its documentation describes filter predicates for filtering reads and block predicates for rejecting writes that violate a predicate. Include elevated principals and permissions to manage policies in the threat model; the existence of a policy alone does not constrain privileged access.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Keep prompts and SQL validation in the defense-in-depth layer
A prompt can describe the intended behavior, but it cannot stop a manipulated or faulty agent from attempting another operation. OWASP recommends minimal permissions for LLM applications, read-only database accounts where possible, and backend validation of agent tool calls. Bind each request to the initiating user’s authorization context, expose only approved operations and resources, and reject calls outside that scope.
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If the application accepts SQL generated by the model, parsing and rejecting multiple statements or unsupported syntax can reduce risk when those restrictions fit the product. Use parameterized queries for data values in application code. Table and column identifiers generally cannot be supplied as bind parameters: use a fixed allow-list or redesign the interface rather than interpolating arbitrary model output. These controls supplement, rather than replace, database permissions.
Verify effective permissions with the agent identity
Test using the actual credential and connection path the agent will use, not an administrator’s session. A direct grant can look narrow while a role, inherited privilege, owner status, or privileged flag supplies broader rights.
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SELECTsucceeds only for the approved table and view allow-list; test that unapproved schemas, databases, tables, columns, and routines are inaccessible. - Attempt
INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,TRUNCATE, object creation or alteration, dropping objects, and granting permissions; confirm the identity cannot perform them. - Review direct and inherited role permissions, broad database or schema grants,
PUBLICand default privileges, object ownership, privileged flags, and view or function execution context. - If RLS applies, test allowed and denied users or tenants, and verify the agent does not use a role that bypasses the policy.
- Repeat the review after changes to objects, grants, role memberships, agent tools, database versions, or policy definitions.
These checks follow the documented permission models; their results must be established in the specific deployment rather than assumed from an example.
What varies by database engine?
The design principle is portable, but role syntax, grant inheritance, view behavior, RLS semantics, stored-object security, and other permissions differ. The PostgreSQL examples above use PostgreSQL-specific concepts; the SQL Server guidance reflects Microsoft’s documented grant scopes and RLS model. For another engine—or a different version—consult its current official documentation and test effective privileges with the actual agent identity before relying on the boundary.
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