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The reliable way to limit an AI agent is to enforce least privilege outside the model: run its work in a sandbox or isolated VM, expose only the files and destinations the task needs, keep credentials behind a broker, and require approval for actions that cross the boundary. Prompts, tool descriptions, and hidden-file rules improve behavior but cannot stop a shell process, dependency, or integration from reaching the same resource.
Use the guide below as a design and review plan. Vendor features are examples; names, defaults, and host lists vary by product and deployment mode.
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Start with an enforceable capability contract
Before choosing a product setting, describe the task in concrete capabilities. Write down:
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- Which locations may be changed, and whether changes can be visible on the host immediately.
- Which executables or command families are required.
- Which outbound hosts and protocols are necessary.
- Which credentials, signing operations, or external tools are genuinely needed.
- Which actions require a person to approve them.
This list is the agent’s capability contract. Anything not on it should be unavailable by default, not merely discouraged in a system prompt. Keep trust-sensitive control-plane work—authentication, billing, approvals, audit, and recovery—in a harness you control. Let the sandbox handle model-directed execution. The OpenAI Agents SDK documentation describes this separation as a harness or control plane and a sandbox execution plane; the same architectural idea applies to other runtimes.
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Use two different safety layers: sandbox and approval
A sandbox is the technical boundary. It determines where a process can write, whether it can reach the network, and which paths remain protected. An approval policy is a decision gate: it decides when a proposed action needs human review, often because it is destructive, expensive, or outside the normal task.
Neither layer replaces the other. A sandbox can prevent a command from reaching the host, but it cannot tell you whether deleting the project’s generated files is appropriate. Approval can stop a suspicious command, but it is not a substitute for isolation if a compromised process can run arbitrary code while waiting for a decision.
- Sandbox: enforce filesystem, process, network, and device boundaries at the OS, VM, container, or microVM layer.
- Approvals: pause high-risk operations such as publishing a package, pushing code, changing deployment configuration, or accessing a new host.
- Policy: define which tools and commands are allowed, denied, or sent for review.
- Telemetry: record prompts, tool calls, approvals, denials, file changes, and network events so an incident can be reconstructed.
OpenAI’s published Codex deployment account (dated May 8, 2026) presents these as separate controls: sandbox boundaries, constrained network access, command rules, and approvals. Treat that account as one vendor’s deployment description, not as a universal default.
Choose the narrowest filesystem mode that works
Filesystem exposure is usually the most consequential decision because a workspace contains source code, configuration, tokens, SSH settings, build scripts, and Git metadata. Select a mode deliberately rather than mounting a convenient directory and trying to hide selected files later.
| Mode | What the agent can do | Best fit | Main risk or trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mountless | No host workspace is mounted; work remains in the sandbox filesystem. | Tasks that need no host files, or experiments using generated fixtures. | The agent cannot inspect your local project unless you copy in specific inputs. |
| Read-only reference mount | Files are visible for reading but writes to that mount are denied. | Documentation, test fixtures, or source that should not be edited. | Read access still reveals every file in the mounted tree, including hidden files unless separately excluded. |
| Private clone | The host repository is mounted read-only and work occurs in a separate clone inside the sandbox. | Code changes that need review before they touch the host checkout. | You must explicitly fetch or export reviewed changes; generated artifacts remain in the clone until you do so. |
| Direct read-write mount | The agent edits the mounted workspace and changes appear on the host immediately. | Interactive development where live edits are intentional and the workspace is disposable or well backed up. | All files in that workspace are exposed, including hidden configuration and Git hooks; a mistaken command changes the host at once. |
Docker’s local sandbox documentation uses these same distinctions. Its shell reference supports appending :ro to a workspace mount for read-only use. Clone mode keeps the host repository read-only while providing a private working copy. A direct mount is live read-write, so inspect the exact path before starting the agent.
Inspect the boundary, not just the mount command
- Resolve symlinks and bind mounts; a path that looks inside the project may point elsewhere.
- Check whether parent directories, shared caches, temporary directories, and package-manager stores are visible.
- Decide whether Git metadata, hooks, CI files, editor settings, and local environment files are needed. If not, remove them from the clone or mount a narrower subdirectory.
- Use a disposable branch or snapshot when direct writes are unavoidable.
- After the run, compare the complete changed-file list, including hidden files and executable bits.
Why ignore and display rules are not a security boundary
A file-display filter controls what a particular tool lists or searches. It does not necessarily control what a shell, interpreter, package script, or separate integration can open.
Docker distinguishes .gitignore from access control: it is a display/search filter, and its documentation notes that read_file can still open ignored content. Docker’s .agentsignore can block access through the documented filesystem toolset, but it does not block shell or another tool that reaches the filesystem independently.
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“When you need a real boundary, combine it with permissions that restrict
shell, or run in sandbox mode.” — Docker Docs, “Ignoring files.”
Therefore, never place a secret in a mounted directory on the assumption that an ignore pattern protects it. Remove the secret from the execution filesystem, mount the directory read-only when possible, and enforce the remaining boundary with OS or VM permissions.
Put command-line execution inside the boundary
Assume that a shell tool can do everything its underlying process can do. It may read paths hidden from a file tool, execute scripts supplied by a repository, invoke a compiler or package manager, call network utilities, create child processes, and consume any credential available to the process.
Use policy and approvals for risky commands
Create command rules that reflect the task rather than a generic “safe commands” list. Read-only inspection commands may be allowed automatically. Destructive file operations, privilege changes, service management, publishing, repository pushes, and commands that introduce a new executable or host should be blocked or sent for approval.
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Handle untrusted repositories as hostile input
Build scripts, Git hooks, test fixtures, and package-manager lifecycle scripts are executable instructions. A repository can therefore attack an agent even when the user’s request is benign. Run first-time or untrusted projects in an isolated environment with no host credentials and limited egress. Review changes to executable project configuration before running the project outside that environment.
Separate convenience from authority
Natural-language instructions such as “do not delete files” are useful behavioral guidance, but they do not revoke a shell’s ability to delete files. The command policy and the sandbox must enforce that restriction. Likewise, a tool description saying “read-only” is not proof that the underlying service cannot write.
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Deny outbound network access by default
Network access turns a local execution problem into an exfiltration and external-change problem. Start with no egress, then add the smallest set of named destinations required by the task. Specify whether DNS, TCP, UDP, ICMP, proxies, and package registries are available, and apply the policy to every process that can make a request.
Understand vendor defaults and their limits
Docker documents a local sandbox default that blocks outbound TCP, including HTTP, HTTPS, and SSH, unless an explicit rule allows a destination. UDP is disabled by default and ICMP is blocked. Its policy can be customized locally or managed centrally, with organization rules taking precedence. Docker also notes that its default allowed-domain set contains broad wildcards, so inspect the active rules instead of assuming that “default” means narrowly restricted.
Anthropic’s managed-agent cloud environments provide a different example. In limited mode, the sandbox is restricted to allowed hosts; unrestricted permits full outbound access except for a general safety blocklist. The documentation says an omitted networking setting in API creation defaults to unrestricted, while the Console form starts with Limited selected and no additional hosts. Set the mode explicitly, and verify the effective policy for the exact environment you create.
Remember that an allowed host is an authority
Host-based allowlisting controls where a request may go, not what operation the remote service will perform. An allowed Git host can accept a push; an allowed package registry can accept a publication; an allowed storage endpoint can receive an upload. Prompt injection in untrusted input may try to copy local files through any permitted destination.
- Allow exact hostnames where possible; review every wildcard and subdomain rule.
- Permit package-manager registries only when the task needs installation, and prefer a vetted internal mirror.
- Account for DNS resolution, HTTP proxies, redirects, and alternate endpoints used by SDKs.
- Include MCP servers and helper services in the network inventory; they may have their own outbound path.
- Require approval for uploads, pushes, publishing, and other external mutations even when the host is allowlisted.
Keep long-lived credentials out of agent-readable space
The safest credential is one the agent never receives. Keep application keys, cloud credentials, signing keys, and production tokens in a trusted service. Give the executor a short-lived, narrowly scoped capability through a proxy or broker that checks the destination and operation.
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Use a broker or vault-backed proxy
OpenAI’s security guidance recommends keeping the application API key outside the environment and using a restricted environment key for the executor. For third-party access, its hosted sandbox can use vault-backed secrets with a proxy that injects the real value only for approved hosts. In a self-hosted setup, the operator must provide an equivalent trusted proxy or server.
A secret injected directly into an environment variable is readable by generated code and any child process with permission to inspect the environment. If direct injection is unavoidable, scope the token, make it short-lived, redact it from logs, and revoke it after the task.
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Understand forwarded-agent caveats
Docker’s local sandbox documentation describes a host-side proxy that injects raw credential values into outbound HTTP headers without placing those values in the VM. That reduces exposure of the key material, but forwarded services can still confer authority. For example, an SSH agent socket may let a sandbox process request signatures even though the private key remains on the host. Isolate or disable forwarding unless signing is part of the capability contract, and log each request.
Treat MCP servers and integrations as separate trust paths
A sandbox protects the environment where a process runs; it does not automatically contain every tool the agent can call. Determine where each integration executes and which identity it uses.
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- Remote MCP connections originate from the service provider’s infrastructure and have a different network and data path.
- Docker warns that local stdio MCP servers run outside its sandbox and may start host processes or host Docker containers with host permissions.
For every server, record its executable, user, working directory, environment variables, sockets, mounted paths, outbound hosts, and update mechanism. Put host integrations behind an approval gate or run them in their own restricted service. Do not assume that placing the agent in a VM also places a host-launched MCP process there.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.A practical implementation sequence
- Write the capability contract. Name required files, write locations, commands, hosts, credentials, and external tools. Mark anything that is optional.
- Keep control-plane functions outside execution. Handle identity, approvals, billing, audit storage, and recovery in a trusted harness. Give the sandbox only task-specific inputs and capabilities.
- Select the filesystem mode. Choose mountless first, then a read-only reference mount, private clone, or direct read-write mount only when justified. Mount the smallest directory, not the repository parent by habit.
- Remove secrets and sensitive metadata. Exclude environment files, private keys, cloud configuration, credential caches, and unrelated repositories. Do not rely on ignore files for this step.
- Enforce shell isolation. Run commands inside the OS, VM, container, or microVM boundary. Add command rules and approvals for destructive operations, new executables, privilege changes, and external mutations.
- Set network policy explicitly. Start with egress denied. Add exact hosts and protocols one at a time, then test redirects, package-manager endpoints, proxies, and MCP services.
- Broker credentials. Prefer a destination-aware proxy or vault-backed short-lived token. Disable forwarded signing agents unless required.
- Inventory integrations. Identify where every MCP server, plugin, helper, and package service runs. Apply an independent policy to host-side processes.
- Run adversarial checks. Ask whether a shell command can read an ignored file, follow a symlink, inspect environment variables, resolve a new host, upload a file, invoke a Git hook, or start a privileged child process. Each answer should be “no” or an explicitly approved capability.
- Review and export changes. For private clones, review the diff before copying it out. For direct mounts, inspect the full host diff, executable bits, hooks, build scripts, and newly created hidden files.
- Retain an audit trail. Store approvals, denials, tool calls, changed paths, credential-broker events, and network allow/deny decisions with timestamps and task identity.
Compare an implementation with the same questions
| Control area | Questions to answer before deployment |
|---|---|
| Filesystem | Is it mountless, read-only, a private clone, or a live read-write mount? Which paths, hidden files, symlinks, and shared stores are exposed? |
| Network | Is egress denied by default? Are rules host-based, wildcarded, organization-managed, and enforced for shell, tools, and service backends? |
| Commands and approvals | Can arbitrary shell commands run? Which commands trigger review? Can another tool bypass the command filter? What lower-level mechanism enforces the boundary? |
| Credentials | Are secrets in process-readable variables, brokered per destination, scoped, revocable, and redacted from logs? Can a forwarded agent request signatures? |
| Integrations and audit | Where do MCP servers run, which host permissions do they inherit, and are prompts, approvals, tool outputs, and network events logged? |
These questions let you compare Docker, OpenAI, Anthropic, and other implementations without assuming that one product’s defaults or terminology applies elsewhere. The available documentation does not establish a universal product ranking or an effectiveness statistic.
Failure modes and recovery actions
The agent reads a file that was “ignored”
Check which tool opened it. If it was shell, a script, or an integration, the display filter was never an access boundary. Remove the file from the mount, switch to a private clone or read-only mount, and add a sandbox rule that denies the path.
A package install fails after network lockdown
Identify the exact registry, metadata host, certificate endpoint, proxy, and redirect target used by the package manager. Add only the required hosts, then retry in a disposable environment. Do not switch to unrestricted egress merely to make installation convenient.
A “read-only” task changes the host
Verify whether the workspace was a direct read-write mount and whether a hook or build script ran. Restore from a known snapshot, inspect hidden files and executable configuration, and use a private clone or read-only mount for the next run.
A tool reaches the host despite sandboxing
Inspect MCP and plugin launchers. A local stdio server may be running on the host, outside the VM, with host permissions. Move it into a restricted service or apply host-level controls independently of the agent sandbox.
A secret appears in logs or generated code
Assume the credential is compromised: revoke it, inspect process and tool logs, and remove copies from artifacts. Replace environment injection with a brokered, destination-scoped credential and ensure the broker redacts responses.
Minimum review checklist
- No host mount when the task does not need host files.
- Read-only reference mount or private clone for untrusted code.
- No secrets, credential caches, or production configuration in the execution filesystem.
- Shell runs inside an OS, VM, container, or microVM boundary.
- Outbound traffic denied by default and narrowed to named destinations.
- Uploads, pushes, publishing, destructive commands, and privilege changes require approval.
- Package managers, MCP servers, hooks, and helper processes are included in the threat model.
- Forwarded signing agents are disabled unless explicitly required.
- Changed files, executable configuration, approvals, and network events are reviewed and logged.
- Effective settings are verified for the exact product version and deployment mode; vendor defaults can change.
What “least privilege” looks like in practice
For a documentation edit, a mountless sandbox plus a read-only reference copy may be enough; no network or credential is needed. For a code change, a private clone, a limited compiler toolchain, denied egress, and a reviewed export provide a safer workflow than a live repository mount. For dependency work, add only the registry hosts required, use a disposable clone, and require approval before publishing or pushing. For an agent that must call a business API, keep the application key in a broker and expose a narrowly scoped operation rather than the raw credential.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Can a prompt alone stop an AI agent from reading a secret file?
No. A prompt can guide behavior, but a shell, script, dependency, or integration may still open the path. Remove the secret from the execution filesystem and enforce access with sandbox or OS permissions.
Is a private clone safer than a read-only mount?
They solve different needs. A read-only mount protects the mounted files from edits but exposes them for reading. A private clone lets the agent edit a separate copy so changes can be reviewed before export; it is preferable when untrusted code needs to modify files.
Should network access ever be unrestricted?
Only when the task and threat model explicitly require it, with credentials and data exposure understood. Set the networking mode explicitly because documented defaults differ between APIs and consoles.
Where should an MCP server run?
Run it in a separately restricted environment whenever possible. Determine whether it runs inside the sandbox, in the customer’s environment, or remotely, because each location has different filesystem, network, and credential permissions.
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