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Use FFmpeg’s -stream_loop to repeat the whole input, and re-encode with an output frame rate to make the result constant-frame-rate (CFR). For example, -stream_loop -1 loops forever; -r 30 targets 30 fps. Keep the input’s actual intended frame rate unless you have a reason to convert it: YouTube recommends encoding and uploading at the rate the video was recorded.
Loop the whole video and encode at a constant frame rate
This example makes a one-hour MP4 from an input with video and possibly audio. It targets 30 fps; replace that with the source’s intended frame rate and change 3600 to the desired duration in seconds.
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ffmpeg -stream_loop -1 -i input.mp4 -map 0:v:0 -map '0:a?' -t 3600
-c:v libx264 -r 30 -pix_fmt yuv420p
-c:a aac -movflags +faststart output.mp4
-stream_loop -1repeats the entire input indefinitely. It is an input option, so place it before-i.-map 0:v:0selects the first video stream.-map '0:a?'selects audio if present, but does not fail if the input has none.-t 3600limits the output to 3,600 seconds, or one hour.-c:v libx264encodes the video as H.264;-r 30sets the requested output rate during encoding.-pix_fmt yuv420pselects a widely compatible pixel format, while-c:a aacencodes audio as AAC.-movflags +faststartmoves MP4 metadata toward the start of the file for playback convenience.
This is an illustrative starting point, not a tested command for every input. Inspect the source streams and review the finished file, especially if it has unusual timestamps, variable frame rate, multiple tracks, or an audible or visible seam where the loop restarts.
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Choose the right frame rate before encoding
Preserve the recorded rate when possible
YouTube Help says: “Content should be encoded and uploaded in the same frame rate it was recorded.” Its listed common rates are 24, 25, 30, 48, 50, and 60 fps; other rates are acceptable too. If the source rate is fractional, use its actual rational value—for example, 30000/1001 rather than rounding it to 30—when that is the intended rate.
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Know what changing the rate does
When FFmpeg re-encodes, output -r duplicates or drops frames to reach the requested rate. It does not create genuinely new motion. Converting a 24 fps source to 30 fps, for example, requires a different frame cadence; the new frames may be repeats. Avoid choosing an arbitrary rate merely to meet a supposed YouTube requirement.
You can also express constant-rate synchronization explicitly with -fps_mode cfr, alongside an output rate, such as -r 30 -fps_mode cfr. FFmpeg defines CFR mode as duplicating or dropping frames to attain the requested constant rate.
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Why stream copy does not make frame rate constant
Stream copy, such as -c:v copy, passes the encoded video through without decoding and re-encoding its frames. It therefore cannot duplicate or drop frames to change cadence. In this mode, output -r only signals a rate to the muxer; if that rate conflicts with packet timestamps, the file may be invalid. Use stream copy when preserving the existing encoded stream matters and its cadence is already suitable—not as a frame-rate conversion method.
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| Method | What repeats | Best fit |
|---|---|---|
-stream_loop |
The complete input file | Repeating a full video or building a longer output from it |
Video loop filter |
Selected frames | Frame-level looping effects or repeating a short section of frames |
For a finite number of input repetitions, replace -1 with the desired loop count. FFmpeg defines 0 as no repetition and -1 as infinite repetition. The loop filter is a separate frame-level tool; for ordinary whole-file repetition, -stream_loop is the direct option.
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Check YouTube’s upload recommendations separately
Looping and frame-rate conversion control how FFmpeg builds the file. YouTube’s other upload recommendations concern the encoded file’s compatibility and quality, not the loop operation itself. For video uploads, YouTube recommends MP4, H.264, progressive scan, High Profile, two consecutive B-frames, a closed GOP with a GOP length of half the frame rate, CABAC, and 4:2:0 chroma subsampling. For standard dynamic-range video, it recommends BT.709 color space.
YouTube’s recommended SDR bitrates vary by resolution and frame-rate group. Examples are 8 Mbps for 1080p at standard frame rates and 12 Mbps for 1080p at high frame rates; for 2160p/4K, the corresponding recommendations are 35–45 Mbps and 53–68 Mbps. These are recommendations, not guaranteed quality levels or mandatory fixed rates.
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Troubleshoot common results
- The video still has variable frame rate: confirm that FFmpeg is re-encoding and that an output rate or CFR mode is set. Stream copy does not reshape frame cadence.
- The output duration is wrong: check
-tand express it in seconds for this example. Verify that the input can be read repeatedly and inspect timestamps if the source has unusual timing. - There is no audio: the optional audio map allows silent inputs, so an output without audio may be expected. If the source has multiple audio tracks, this example selects only the first.
- The loop restart is abrupt or clicks: inspect the transition between the end and start of the source. A whole-file loop repeats that seam; the command does not smooth it.
- Playback or upload compatibility is poor: check the output container, codec, scan type, pixel format, and color space against YouTube’s upload guidance, and review the encoded file before uploading.
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