The Tool Desk
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Keep FFmpeg running with tmux
The important distinction is where the process runs: FFmpeg must be started on the Oracle Cloud instance, inside tmux there. A tmux session opened only on your own computer does not keep a remote FFmpeg process alive if that process is tied to an ordinary SSH terminal.
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- Connect to the instance. From your computer, SSH in using the instance’s public IP and the appropriate Oracle Cloud Linux username. Replace the example values below with your actual username and address:
ssh OPC_USER@INSTANCE_PUBLIC_IP - Start a named tmux session on the instance.
tmux new-session -s ffmpeg-stream - Run your actual FFmpeg command inside that session. Include
-nostdinamong the global options. For example:ffmpeg -nostdin -i INPUT -f FLV OUTPUT_URLINPUTandOUTPUT_URLare placeholders, not literal values. Use the input, output format, destination URL, and credentials required by your stream. - Detach without stopping FFmpeg. Press
Ctrl-b, release the keys, then pressd. You should return to the ordinary shell; the named tmux session and its running command remain on the instance. - Close SSH. You can now disconnect. Detaching first is the deliberate way to leave the remote terminal session running.
- Reconnect and inspect it later. SSH into the same instance as the same user, list sessions, and attach to the named session:
tmux lstmux attach-session -t ffmpeg-stream
The tmux manual says a session “will survive accidental disconnection” as well as intentional detaching. When attached, inspect FFmpeg’s output rather than treating the mere presence of a tmux session as proof the destination is receiving a healthy stream. To stop FFmpeg interactively, type q in its terminal and check that it exits.
Why add -nostdin?
FFmpeg normally enables interaction on standard input unless standard input is itself being used as an input. The option -nostdin disables that interaction. FFmpeg’s FAQ recommends it for background tasks to prevent input checks. It addresses FFmpeg’s console-input behavior; tmux is what keeps the remote terminal session available after SSH disconnects.
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On Linux and macOS, FFmpeg also documents redirecting standard input from /dev/null as an alternative in relevant background-task setups. For the tmux workflow above, -nostdin is the direct, explicit choice.
Choose the right persistence method
| Method | Best for | What it does—and does not do |
|---|---|---|
tmux |
Detaching and later returning to the same terminal to inspect output or stop FFmpeg interactively. | Preserves the terminal session through SSH disconnection. It does not supervise FFmpeg or recover from an instance failure. |
systemd |
A repeatable or unattended stream that needs service state and an intentionally configured restart policy. | Manages a configured service process. Restart behavior depends on why the process exits; clean systemctl stop and restart operations are not treated as failures for automatic restart. |
nohup |
A one-off background job when returning to its live terminal is unnecessary. | Runs a command with hangup signals ignored and handles standard input/output, but provides neither tmux-style reattachment nor a configured service restart policy. |
Use systemd when service management matters
For a long-running unattended stream, a systemd unit lets you define the command with ExecStart and select a Restart policy. Oracle’s Oracle Linux documentation explains that restart behavior depends on the reason a process exits. Build the unit using the actual FFmpeg binary path, command arguments, required environment, and credentials for your instance. Because those details vary by stream, do not copy a generic unit as if it were validated for your command. A restart policy can relaunch FFmpeg, but cannot ensure that the destination accepts the reconnect or that the stream resumes without interruption.
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Use nohup for a simpler detached job
nohup is an option when you do not need to reattach to FFmpeg’s terminal. Redirect output to a known writable log file and record or inspect the process ID so you can check it later. GNU’s documentation describes how nohup handles hangup signals and standard input/output. It is not a process supervisor: choose systemd if you need an explicit service state or restart policy.
Troubleshoot a stream that is missing or stopped
tmux lsshows no session: Check that SSH reached the same instance and that you logged in as the same user who started tmux. A different user or tmux server/socket can make the original session appear absent.- The session exists, but FFmpeg is stopped or suspended: Attach to the session and inspect the pane output. Confirm that the command included
-nostdin. If you used systemd instead, inspect the service state and logs for the exit reason. - FFmpeg is running, but the destination is not receiving the stream: Check FFmpeg’s output and separately verify the output URL, credentials, and network path from the instance to the destination. A running process alone does not establish a healthy stream.
- The instance rebooted, terminated, or ran out of resources: tmux only preserves the session through terminal disconnection; it does not keep a process alive through a host failure. Review the instance and process state. A systemd restart policy may handle some process exits, depending on its configuration and exit reason, but it does not guarantee recovery of the media connection.
Know what an SSH disconnect does not mean
Closing SSH is different from stopping the remote process, rebooting or terminating the instance, an FFmpeg crash, an out-of-memory kill, a broken input, or loss of the instance’s network connection to the stream destination. tmux covers terminal disconnection, not those other failures. systemd can manage process execution and configured restart behavior, but a restarted FFmpeg process may still fail to reconnect successfully.
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Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Streaming is a separate managed service for ingesting and consuming high-volume event data; it is not the mechanism for keeping FFmpeg alive on a compute instance after SSH logout. See Oracle’s OCI Streaming FAQ.
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Sources
- tmux(1), Linux man-pages project
- FFmpeg FAQ
- FFmpeg documentation: standard input and
-nostdin - Oracle Linux: Service Management in Systemd
- GNU Coreutils: nohup invocation
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