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This guide takes you from an empty Ubuntu VPS to a verified Ubuntu container, then explains safe API exposure, repeatable profiles and preseeding, and when a virtual machine is a better choice than a system container.
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What LXD does on an Ubuntu VPS
LXD is a manager for both Linux system containers and virtual machines. It provides a daemon, the lxc command-line client, reusable profiles, storage pools, networks and an API. You can run LXD directly on an Ubuntu VPS; Docker is not a prerequisite because LXD manages its own instances and host integration.
A system container shares the VPS kernel while isolating processes, filesystems and networking. A virtual machine boots a separate guest kernel. That distinction affects compatibility, startup time, security boundaries and the capabilities your VPS provider must expose.
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Check the VPS before installing
Confirm administrative access
You need an Ubuntu Server VPS account with sudo access. The installation command writes system-level snap and LXD configuration, so an unprivileged shell is not sufficient.
Check whether LXD is already present
Some Ubuntu Server cloud images include LXD. If your image already has it, installing the snap may simply report that the package is present; otherwise use the installation sequence below. Treat an existing daemon as an existing configuration: do not blindly reinitialize a host that already contains instances or storage pools.
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Check virtual-machine capability if you need VMs
Containers work with the normal VPS kernel. Virtual machines require KVM capability from the VPS platform. After LXD is installed, run:
lxc info | grep -FA2 'instance_types'If the output does not list virtual-machine, the VPS does not currently expose the capability LXD needs for VM instances. Use containers or move to a VPS plan that provides virtualization extensions. Do not assume that a provider’s marketing description of “virtualization” means nested KVM is available to your guest.
Install LXD and enable your account
The snap is self-contained and is the documented installation method for an Ubuntu VPS:
sudo snap install lxd
sudo usermod -aG lxd "$USER"
newgrp lxd
lxd init- Install the daemon: run
sudo snap install lxd. The snap supplies the LXD daemon and client without requiring a separate Docker installation. - Grant administrative client access: add the account that will run
lxcto thelxdgroup withsudo usermod -aG lxd "$USER". - Start a new group-aware shell: run
newgrp lxd, or log out and back in. Until the shell has the new group membership, the client may not be able to open LXD’s Unix socket. - Initialize deliberately: run
lxd initand answer the configuration questions for this VPS.
Membership in lxd is highly privileged. Local Unix-socket access grants full control over LXD and therefore effective control over the host. Keep the group limited to trusted administrators; do not add a general application account merely to make a deployment script work.
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Choose between minimal and interactive initialization
Use minimal initialization only for disposable tests
For a temporary evaluation VPS, this command creates a basic configuration:
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lxd init --minimalThe minimal setup uses the dir storage backend. It is convenient because it avoids a long decision process, but it is less optimized for snapshots, copy and launch speed, quotas and backup performance. That trade-off is acceptable for a short-lived test; it is a poor default for a busy production host.
Use interactive initialization for production
Run lxd init without --minimal when the VPS will host persistent services. The initializer covers clustering, networking, storage pools and daemon access. Read each prompt as a design decision rather than accepting defaults automatically:
- Decide whether this host is standalone or is being prepared for clustering.
- Select a storage pool and backend that match the VPS disk type, capacity and I/O limits.
- Choose whether LXD should create and manage a bridge for instance networking.
- Decide whether the daemon remains local-only or needs an HTTPS listener for remote clients.
When several VPSs must be rebuilt consistently, record the same decisions in a reviewed YAML preseed file and apply it with:
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Select storage that fits the workload
Directory storage for evaluation
The dir backend stores instance data in a directory and is easy to create on an unfamiliar VPS. Its simplicity is useful when you are learning LXD or validating an image, but Canonical documents it as less optimized for snapshots, copy and launch operations, quotas and backups.
Dedicated production storage
For production, select an appropriate dedicated storage backend during lxd init and confirm what the VPS provider actually supplies. “SSD” labels alone do not describe sustained I/O, burst behavior, disk limits or contention with neighboring tenants. Your storage decision should account for:
- How many instances will run and how quickly they must launch or copy.
- Whether you need frequent snapshots, reliable quota enforcement or fast backup preparation.
- How much capacity remains after the host, images, snapshots and logs are accounted for.
- Whether the provider imposes disk-throughput or IOPS ceilings that make an optimized backend ineffective.
Loop-backed or directory storage can be useful for evaluation. Do not carry that convenience into a production design without checking snapshot, quota and backup requirements.
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Configure networking and understand bridge side effects
What a managed bridge provides
A managed bridge such as lxdbr0 gives instances a consistent virtual network and allows LXD to attach interfaces through profiles. The default profile normally supplies a network interface, so a newly launched container can obtain connectivity without manually adding a NIC.
Why forwarding changes matter on a VPS
Creating a managed bridge turns on IPv4 forwarding globally and, where applicable, IPv6 forwarding. The host becomes capable of routing traffic between interfaces. That is useful for container connectivity, but it changes the host’s routing posture and must be reviewed before you publish services.
Inspect the VPS firewall and routing rules after initialization. Also check the cloud provider’s network firewall or security-group layer. A service can remain unreachable if either layer blocks it; conversely, opening both layers broadly can expose more than intended. Forwarding should be treated as a host-wide setting, not as an isolated container option.
Plan publication separately from internal connectivity
Having a container interface on the managed bridge does not automatically make every service public. Decide which services need inbound traffic, where that traffic terminates, and which firewall rules are required. Keep internal-only containers on the private bridge and publish only the specific ports and addresses your application needs.
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Keep LXD administration on the local socket by default
Default local behavior
By default, LXD is socket activated and listens on a local Unix socket. This is the safest administrative starting point for a single VPS: the API is not exposed directly to the Internet, and administration occurs from a shell on the host.
When remote API or UI access is justified
If you must administer LXD from another machine, deliberately configure core.https_address and establish client trust with certificates or tokens. Do not enable an HTTPS listener and assume that encryption alone is an access policy. The listener still needs a restrictive firewall at the VPS and at the provider’s network layer.
Use the narrowest address and port scope practical, permit only known administrative networks, and document who owns the client certificate or token. Remove stale trust credentials when an administrator or automation system is retired. Never expose an unprotected endpoint simply to make a remote client connect.
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“Local access to LXD through the Unix socket always grants full access to LXD.” — Canonical LXD documentation, First steps with LXD.
That warning applies even when the host has no public LXD API. Protect shell access, SSH credentials and membership in the lxd group as part of the same administrative boundary.
Launch and verify your first Ubuntu container
After initialization, launch an official Ubuntu 24.04 image:
lxc launch ubuntu:24.04 ubuntu-container
lxc list
lxc info ubuntu-container
lxc exec ubuntu-container -- bash- Launch:
lxc launch ubuntu:24.04 ubuntu-containercreates and starts an instance namedubuntu-containerfrom theubuntu:24.04image. - List:
lxc listshows whether the instance is running and summarizes its addresses. - Inspect:
lxc info ubuntu-containerdisplays instance state, hardware details and attached devices. - Enter the guest:
lxc exec ubuntu-container -- bashopens a Bash shell inside the running container.
Verification should cover more than the word “RUNNING.” Confirm that the instance uses the expected default profile, receives a root disk from the storage pool you selected, and has a network interface attached to the intended bridge. If one of those assumptions is wrong, fix the profile, pool or network before deploying an application.
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A profile is a reusable bundle of instance configuration. The default profile normally supplies a network interface. That is enough for a basic launch, but production deployments often need a custom profile with an explicitly defined root disk and NIC.
When to create a custom profile
- Instances must always use a particular storage pool.
- Different workloads need different bridges or network isolation.
- You need predictable limits or device definitions across a group of instances.
- You are rebuilding hosts and want instance configuration represented as reviewable data.
Define the root disk and NIC explicitly in custom profiles when placement, limits or isolation matter. Treat profiles as infrastructure definitions rather than ad-hoc tweaks made after an instance is already running.
Combine profiles with preseed configuration
Preseed YAML is useful for rebuilding the same VPS configuration and documenting it in version control. A repeatable setup can include the daemon’s initialization choices, storage pool, bridge and profiles. Review the file for sensitive trust material and environment-specific addresses before reusing it on another host.
Container or virtual machine?
| Characteristic | System container | Virtual machine |
|---|---|---|
| Kernel | Shares the Ubuntu VPS host kernel | Boots and uses its own guest kernel |
| Startup and overhead | Generally lightweight and quick to start | Requires a complete guest environment and KVM capability |
| VPS requirement | Standard LXD-capable Ubuntu VPS | Provider must expose KVM or virtualization extensions |
| Best fit | Linux services compatible with the host kernel | Workloads needing a separate kernel boundary or VM-specific operating-system behavior |
| Capability check | No additional check beyond a working LXD host | lxc info | grep -FA2 'instance_types' must show virtual-machine |
Choose a container when the application is compatible with the host kernel and you value low overhead and fast startup. Choose a VM when a separate kernel is a requirement and the provider exposes KVM. If the capability check omits virtual-machine, changing LXD settings cannot create that hardware feature; use containers or select a different VPS plan.
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LXD administration and application networking are separate concerns. The HTTPS API is for managing LXD; a container’s published service is ordinary application traffic. Give each its own firewall rule set and exposure decision.
- Keep the LXD Unix socket local unless remote administration is genuinely required.
- If remote administration is enabled, require certificate or token trust and restrict the port at both firewall layers.
- Expose only application ports that external clients need.
- Review forwarding rules after creating a managed bridge because forwarding is enabled globally.
- Do not use a public API listener as a substitute for host or provider firewall policy.
Troubleshooting common setup failures
The client cannot access LXD after installation
Check that your account was added to the lxd group and that you started a new login shell with newgrp lxd or logged out and back in. Group changes do not retroactively alter the credentials of an already-running shell. If the problem persists, verify that you are using the same account that received the group change.
The initializer created a setup that is too slow
If you used lxd init --minimal, the directory backend may be the reason snapshots, copies, launches or backups perform poorly. For a persistent workload, plan a suitable production storage backend and account for the VPS provider’s disk limits rather than trying to optimize a test-oriented directory layout indefinitely.
The container has no expected network path
Inspect the instance with lxc info ubuntu-container and confirm that the expected profile, root disk and network interface are present. Then review the managed bridge and host firewall. A bridge can exist while provider-level filtering still blocks traffic, and globally enabled forwarding can alter routing in ways an existing firewall policy does not permit.
Remote administration fails or is unsafe
Confirm that core.https_address was deliberately configured, that the client has an accepted certificate or token, and that both the VPS firewall and provider network layer allow the intended administrative source. If no remote administration is required, return to the local Unix-socket model instead of widening the listener.
Virtual-machine launches are unavailable
Run the documented capability check and look for virtual-machine. Its absence indicates that the VPS platform is not exposing the needed KVM capability. This is a provider limitation, not a missing container profile.
A production-readiness checklist
- Install LXD with
sudo snap install lxdor verify that the Ubuntu image already includes it. - Add only trusted administrators to the
lxdgroup and start a new login shell. - Use interactive
lxd initfor persistent workloads instead of relying on minimal defaults. - Select storage after considering snapshots, quotas, backups, launch speed and provider I/O limits.
- Review the host-wide forwarding change created by a managed bridge.
- Keep administration on the local Unix socket unless remote access is necessary.
- For remote access, use HTTPS with certificate or token trust and restrict both firewall layers.
- Launch a known image, then verify state, profile, root disk, pool and bridge attachment.
- Use custom profiles for predictable storage, networking, limits and isolation.
- Use a reviewed preseed file when the configuration must be rebuilt consistently.
- Check for
virtual-machinecapability before designing a VM deployment.
Can LXD run without Docker?
Yes. LXD is installed and operated through its own snap, daemon and lxc client. The installation sequence does not require Docker, and the container launched from ubuntu:24.04 is managed directly by LXD. Docker may be installed for a separate application requirement, but it is not part of LXD’s prerequisites or networking model.
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