To make each PDF finish before the next item starts, put await inside an async for...of loop and await the function that generates the PDF. Puppeteer’s page.pdf() returns a promise, so starting it is not the same as having the PDF bytes ready. If jobs are independent, you can instead await them together with Promise.all—but that runs them concurrently, not sequentially.
Use an awaited for…of loop for one-at-a-time PDFs
This pattern waits for navigation and PDF generation on each item before opening the next page. It returns the PDF bytes alongside the item’s index, and closes the page even if navigation or PDF generation fails.
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async function generatePdfs(items, browser) {
const results = [];
for (const [index, item] of items.entries()) {
const page = await browser.newPage();
try {
await page.goto(item.url, { waitUntil: 'networkidle2' });
const pdf = await page.pdf({ format: 'A4' });
results.push({ index, pdf });
} finally {
await page.close();
}
}
return results;
}page.pdf() returns a Promise<Uint8Array>, so awaiting it ensures the bytes are available before the loop advances. Puppeteer’s guide demonstrates using Page.pdf() to print a page, and its API documents the promise return type and notes that print CSS is used by default: PDF generation guide · Page.pdf() API.
The example uses networkidle2 as a navigation wait condition. It is not a guarantee that every site’s application has finished rendering; pages with delayed or client-side content may need an additional condition, such as waiting for a relevant selector before printing.
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Save each PDF under a distinct name
If you save files rather than returning buffers, give each iteration a unique path, such as report-${index}.pdf, and await the write operation. Reusing one path can overwrite an earlier result; starting several writes to the same path can also make the final file unreliable.
Check the asynchronous function boundary
A loop can only wait for work whose promise reaches it. If a helper returns page.pdf(), its caller can await that helper. If the helper starts the PDF operation but neither returns nor awaits its promise, the caller may continue before the PDF is ready.
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async function makePdf(page) {
return page.pdf({ format: 'A4' });
}
for (const item of items) {
const page = await browser.newPage();
try {
await page.goto(item.url, { waitUntil: 'networkidle2' });
const pdf = await makePdf(page);
// Use or save pdf here.
} finally {
await page.close();
}
}Be cautious with callback-based iteration such as forEach: it does not wait for promises returned by an async callback. Use for...of when order and one-at-a-time execution matter, or explicitly collect promises when concurrency is intended.
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Use Promise.all only for independent jobs
When each URL can be processed independently and simultaneous browser work fits your available resources, collect the promises and await them as a group:
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const pdfBuffers = await Promise.all(
items.map(async (item) => {
const page = await browser.newPage();
try {
await page.goto(item.url, { waitUntil: 'networkidle2' });
return await page.pdf({ format: 'A4' });
} finally {
await page.close();
}
}),
);Promise.all waits for all mapped jobs to fulfill, but starts them concurrently. It is not a sequential-loop fix. For a large input set, use batches or a concurrency limit rather than opening an unbounded number of pages. Sequential work is easier to reason about and restricts simultaneous browser activity; concurrency may improve throughput when the machine and browser can handle it, but there is no universal speedup to assume.
Choose the pattern that fits the work
| Factor | Sequential awaited loop | Concurrent promises |
|---|---|---|
| Order matters or a later job depends on an earlier one | Use this pattern; each iteration finishes before the next begins. | Usually unsuitable unless dependencies are handled separately. |
| Jobs are independent | Simple and controlled, but only one iteration runs at a time. | Can run jobs together; limit concurrency according to available resources. |
| Large input set or constrained memory/CPU | Limits simultaneous page work. | Use a cap or batches; do not assume unlimited pages are safe. |
| Output files | Use a unique path per item and await each write. | Use unique paths as well; concurrent writes to a shared path collide. |
| Error handling | A rejection stops the loop unless caught per item. | Promise.all rejects if a job rejects; decide whether one failure should stop the batch. |
Troubleshoot missing or late PDFs
- The next step runs before the PDF exists: check that the loop awaits the PDF call and that the caller awaits any helper. Return the promise from the helper or await it inside that helper.
- Some iterations appear to be skipped: inspect the loop construct and callback. An async callback passed to
forEachis not awaited byforEach; replace it with an awaitedfor...ofloop if tasks must be sequential. - The loop stops partway through: a rejected navigation, PDF call, or file write can throw and exit the loop. Log the item index and error, and decide whether to catch failures per item and continue or fail the whole batch.
- Files are missing or overwritten: confirm every output operation is awaited and each item has a distinct filename.
- The PDF is blank or incomplete: verify navigation succeeded and that the page’s content was ready before printing. A navigation wait condition alone may not cover an application’s later rendering; wait for a page-specific selector when appropriate.
- Parallel jobs exhaust resources: lower the concurrency limit or process a batch at a time. The appropriate limit depends on the input, browser, and machine.
Without the loop and helper code, error output, Puppeteer and Node.js versions, and runtime details, there is no single confirmed cause for a particular skipped iteration. Check whether the caller awaits its helper, whether a callback drops a returned promise, whether errors are being handled, and whether output paths collide.
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Or skip the browser setup
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