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Most Git and pull request problems have different causes: a non-fast-forward push means the remote has commits you lack; a conflict needs a deliberate content decision; authentication and protected-branch errors need access or workflow changes. Check your branch, remote, and working tree before running a repair command, then follow the repository’s contribution instructions.
Start by checking the repository and your local state
Before changing history, read the project’s contribution guide and pull request template. Confirm the target branch, required tests, commit conventions, and whether maintainers expect merge commits or rebased history. Git documentation explains the mechanics, but each project sets its own contribution policy.
Run these commands from the repository directory:
git status
git branch --show-current
git remote -v
git log --oneline --graph --decorate --all -20Check that you are on the intended branch and that the remote points to the repository you mean to update. If you have unfinished edits, commit them or save them safely before integrating incoming history. Changing branches or pulling with uncommitted work can complicate recovery. Visual Studio Code’s troubleshooting guide also recommends checking the selected branch and remote and saving local work before pulling.
“Rejected: non-fast-forward” or “fetch first”
This usually means the remote branch contains commits your local branch does not. Git rejects the push rather than silently replacing the remote history. Fetch the branch, inspect the incoming commits, then integrate them using the approach expected by the project. GitHub’s non-fast-forward guide describes fetching and merging, and Git’s push manual explains why both histories must be reconciled before updating the remote.
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For a merge-based workflow, first confirm the remote and branch names, then:
git fetch origin
git log --oneline --graph HEAD..origin/<branch>
git merge origin/<branch>
# Resolve conflicts if needed, then:
git push origin HEADReplace origin and <branch> with the correct remote and branch. The log command shows commits on the remote branch that are not in your current HEAD; inspect them before merging.
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If the project asks contributors to rebase, use its documented rebase procedure instead. Rebase reapplies local commits on a new base and changes their commit identities; take particular care if those commits have already been shared. Git’s pull manual describes merge, rebase, and fast-forward-only behavior.
“This branch has conflicts” or “Automatic merge failed”
A conflict means Git cannot determine the intended final content by itself. It may arise because both branches changed the same lines or because one changed a file that the other deleted. On GitHub, unresolved conflicts block merging; simple line conflicts may be resolvable in the web interface, while more complex ones can require a local clone and a push of the resolved branch. See GitHub’s merge-conflict guidance.
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Resolve a merge conflict locally
- Open each conflicted file and read the surrounding code, not just the marked lines. Git adds markers such as
<<<<<<<and>>>>>>>to show the competing content. - Edit the file to express the intended combined result, then remove all conflict markers. Do not accept “ours” or “theirs” mechanically: which side represents your change depends on the operation and branch roles.
- Run the relevant tests and review the diff to confirm the result preserves the intended change.
- Stage the resolved files with
git add <file>, then complete the merge withgit commitif Git has not completed it automatically.
Resolve a rebase conflict
Edit and test the conflicted files as above, then stage them and run git rebase --continue. If you decide the rebase should not proceed, git rebase --abort exits it and returns the branch to its pre-rebase state. Do not publish the result until the resulting diff matches the change you intended.
“You have divergent branches”
Divergence means both your local branch and its upstream have commits the other lacks. Choose an integration method that matches the project rather than treating the message as a generic failure.
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| Choice | History effect | Best fit | Main caution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Merge | Combines histories and may create a merge commit | The project permits merge commits or the branch is shared | May add a merge commit to the contribution history |
| Rebase | Reapplies local commits on a new base, changing their identities | The project asks for linear history and the commits are local or coordinated | Rewrites history; do not casually change commits others already use |
| Fast-forward only | Moves the branch pointer only if no divergence exists | You want Git to stop rather than merge or rebase automatically | Refuses to proceed when histories have diverged |
Git’s pull documentation explains these choices. When the project’s convention is unclear, ask a maintainer or make an explicit one-time choice; changing global Git configuration just to silence the message can hide a decision you still need to make.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.“Permission denied,” “Authentication failed,” or protected-branch rejection
These errors are not necessarily about divergent history. Read the full error and verify the remote with git remote -v before trying a history command.
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- All-day Comfort: This USB keyboard creates a comfortable and familiar typing experience thanks to the deep-profile keys and standard full-size layout with all F-keys, number pad and arrow keys
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- Long-lasting Battery Life: A 24-month battery life (4) means you can go for 2 years without the hassle of changing batteries of your wireless full-size keyboard
- Simply plug the USB receiver into a USB port on your desktop, laptop or netbook computer and start using the keyboard right away without any software installation
- Simply Wireless: Forget about drop-outs and delays thanks to a strong, reliable wireless connection with up to 33 ft range (5); K270 is compatible with Windows 7, 8, 10 or later
- “Permission denied (publickey)”: For an SSH remote, check that the correct key is available to your SSH agent and associated with the account you intend to use.
- “Authentication failed”: For HTTPS, verify the account and saved credentials. For SSH, check the key and agent. Follow the hosting provider’s current credential setup instructions if they need to be refreshed.
- Authentication succeeds, but you lack write access: Ask a maintainer for access or push a feature branch to a fork you own, then open a pull request using the project’s process.
- Protected branch or repository-rule rejection: Push to an allowed feature branch and submit a pull request that meets the required checks. Repeated pulls do not grant access, and force-pushing does not bypass branch policy.
Visual Studio Code’s source-control troubleshooting guide covers checking remotes and distinguishing authentication and access problems.
“Refusing to merge unrelated histories”
This means Git found no common ancestor between the histories it was asked to combine. In ordinary contribution work, first suspect that the wrong remote or branch was selected, or that two repositories were initialized independently. Confirm the repository and branch before considering an override. Git documents --allow-unrelated-histories as an explicit option for independently started histories, not a routine repair flag. See Git’s pull manual.
When—and when not—to force-push
Do not use git push --force to get around an ordinary non-fast-forward rejection. A forced update can replace remote history and make commits unavailable from that branch. Use it only when replacing history is deliberate, the branch is yours to rewrite, and collaborators are not relying on the existing commits.
If you amended or rebased a personal, unpublished branch and need to update its remote copy, check whether anyone may have fetched the old commits and coordinate if uncertain. Where the repository permits rewriting, --force-with-lease is a more cautious option than unconditional force because it checks the remote reference before updating it; it still rewrites history and may be disallowed by hosting policy. Git’s push manual explains non-fast-forward updates and force, while VS Code’s guidance cautions against treating force-push as a routine fix.
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