Use Puppeteer’s experimental page.bluetooth API to emulate an adapter in software; you do not need a physical Bluetooth adapter for this workflow. Turn the emulated adapter on, describe a simulated peripheral, run your app’s Web Bluetooth code, then disable emulation. This tests browser-side behavior with a virtual device—not interoperability with actual hardware.
Emulate an adapter and simulate a peripheral
The documented API is experimental, so check that the Puppeteer version in your project exposes these methods before adopting the example. The Bluetooth API reference shows the sequence below: Puppeteer BluetoothEmulation interface.
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const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
const context = await browser.createBrowserContext();
const page = await context.newPage();
try {
await page.goto('http://localhost:3000');
// Turn on a software-emulated Bluetooth adapter.
await page.bluetooth.emulateAdapter('powered-on');
// Make a simulated peripheral available to the page.
await page.bluetooth.simulatePreconnectedPeripheral({
address: '01:02:03:04:05:06',
name: 'Test Peripheral',
manufacturerData: new Map([
[0x1234, Buffer.from([0x01, 0x02])],
]),
knownServices: ['battery_service'],
});
// Trigger the application behavior that uses Web Bluetooth.
await page.click('#connect');
// Add assertions for your application here.
} finally {
await page.bluetooth.disableEmulation();
await browser.close();
}The address and name identify the virtual peripheral in the test; they are example values, not a real device identity. manufacturerData maps a manufacturer identifier to encoded bytes, and knownServices lists service UUIDs the peripheral is known to provide. Replace the sample service and data with values meaningful to the application under test.
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The API also documents emulateAdapter(state, leSupported?); the state in this example is 'powered-on'. Consult the version-specific reference for accepted states and argument details. Call disableEmulation() during cleanup so later test work does not inherit the emulated state.
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Understand the limits of browser emulation
This flow supplies an emulated adapter and a preconnected simulated peripheral. It is useful for exercising application logic without a radio or physical peripheral, but it does not establish that a real device will advertise, pair, connect, or exchange data correctly.
Chromium currently scopes Bluetooth emulation to the browser context rather than an individual page. Puppeteer warns that pages sharing a context can interfere with one another’s emulated state. Use separate browser contexts for tests that need independent Bluetooth state, and verify the behavior with the Puppeteer and Chromium versions your project runs. The Web Bluetooth specification expects isolation per top-level navigable, so this Chromium behavior is a version-sensitive implementation detail.
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For tests requiring simulated advertisements, GATT services and characteristics, operation responses, or disconnections, the underlying Chrome DevTools Protocol provides a BluetoothEmulation domain. Do not assume every protocol command has a direct Puppeteer convenience method; consult the protocol and Puppeteer references for the exact operations available.
Choose emulation or a real-device chooser test
| Approach | What it exercises | Setup and trade-offs |
|---|---|---|
| Adapter and peripheral emulation | Application behavior against a software-emulated adapter and simulated peripheral. | No physical adapter is needed. Emulation is experimental and currently shared at browser-context scope. |
| Automate Chrome’s chooser with a real device | Discovery and interaction with a physical Bluetooth device, including actual hardware behavior. | Requires a reachable device and a compatible platform/browser setup. The Chrome guide describes visible Chrome or new headless mode and notes that Linux may need an additional Chromium argument. |
Use emulation for repeatable application-logic tests; use a real-device chooser workflow when the test must validate hardware interoperability or discovery behavior. The Chrome for Developers walkthrough says its chooser automation workflow requires Puppeteer v21.4.0 or later; that requirement applies to the guide’s chooser flow, not necessarily to every Bluetooth-emulation method. See Test Web Bluetooth with Puppeteer and confirm platform and headless support for the versions you install.
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Automate the chooser for a real Bluetooth device
For hardware testing, the documented pattern is to start listening for the device prompt before clicking the application control that calls navigator.bluetooth.requestDevice(). Otherwise the chooser may open before the test begins waiting for it.
const browser = await puppeteer.launch({
// Apply platform-specific Chromium arguments if your environment requires them.
});
const page = await browser.newPage();
await page.goto('http://localhost:3000');
const devicePrompt = page.waitForDevicePrompt();
await page.click('#connect');
const prompt = await devicePrompt;
await prompt.waitForDevice(/My Bluetooth Device/);
await prompt.select('My Bluetooth Device');
// Assert the app's connected-device behavior.Match the device using an identifying value appropriate to the prompt and select the discovered device. The exact selectors, device name, launch arguments, and assertions depend on the application and test environment. The official guide describes visible Chrome or new headless mode for this chooser workflow and calls out an additional Chromium argument that may be needed on Linux; follow its current platform-specific directions rather than assuming one launch configuration works everywhere.
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Do not confuse Bluetooth with device-profile emulation
page.emulate(device) is a different feature: Puppeteer implements it by changing viewport metrics and the user agent to match a device profile. It does not create a Bluetooth adapter or peripheral. See the Puppeteer Page.emulate() reference.
Troubleshoot common failures
page.bluetoothor a method is unavailable: The API is experimental and version-sensitive. Check the installed Puppeteer version and its BluetoothEmulation API reference; do not infer availability from chooser automation support alone.- The app cannot see the simulated device: Confirm that emulation is enabled, the peripheral configuration includes the service or data the app requests, and the test triggers the relevant Web Bluetooth flow after setup.
- One page changes another page’s Bluetooth state: They may share a browser context. Isolate independent emulation tests into separate contexts.
- The real-device chooser appears before the test can act: Create the promise from
waitForDevicePrompt()before clicking the app control that requests a device. - The chooser test fails on Linux or headless Chrome: Verify the required Chromium arguments and the supported visible/headless mode against the Chrome guide and your installed versions.
page.emulate()has no effect on Bluetooth: That method only applies device metrics and user-agent emulation. Use the Bluetooth API for software emulation or the chooser flow for a real device.
Or skip the browser setup
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does Puppeteer Bluetooth emulation require a physical Bluetooth adapter?
No. The documented emulation workflow is software-based; physical hardware is for real-device testing.
Does this emulate a real device chooser?
No. Adapter emulation and a simulated peripheral are distinct from discovering and selecting a physical device in Chrome’s chooser.
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