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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteDesign API errors so the HTTP status communicates the broad kind of failure, while a consistent structured response identifies the specific problem and explains a safe next step. For HTTP APIs, RFC 9457 Problem Details provides a standard envelope; clients should make decisions from status codes and documented identifiers, not by parsing message text.
Give the status code and response body distinct jobs
Choose an HTTP status code whose standardized meaning matches the broad failure. The response body can then supply API-specific information the status alone cannot express. Avoid using one generic status for unrelated conditions when that obscures useful distinctions, and do not assign an HTTP code a new, undocumented meaning. RFC 9457 carries problem details without redefining HTTP status semantics.
For a shared HTTP error format, consider the application/problem+json media type and RFC 9457’s members. Document which members your API returns and any conventions clients can rely on.
type: a stable URI identifying the problem type. Document its meaning; clients can use it as a structured discriminator.title: a short summary of the problem type, not a replacement for machine-readable fields.status: the HTTP status associated with this occurrence. The HTTP response status remains important too.detail: an optional, human-readable explanation specific to this occurrence.instance: an optional URI reference identifying this occurrence, useful for support or forensics when designed safely.- Extension members: documented structured data for API-specific codes, validation issues, or other useful context.
Clients should not parse title or detail to decide what code path to take. RFC 9457 specifically cautions consumers against treating detail as a machine-readable field.
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Write detail that helps callers act
A useful message is brief, specific, and written in plain language. It should state what failed and, where possible, what the caller can do next. RFC 9457 says the detail string should help the client correct the problem rather than provide debugging information. Google’s AIP-193 likewise advises simple descriptive language without jargon and an actionable resolution.
For example, instead of returning “Invalid request,” a service might say: “page_size must be between 1 and 100; send a value in that range.” This is illustrative wording, not a prescribed message. Keep such prose explanatory: put any stable identifier clients need in a documented field, not in wording they would have to interpret.
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Put variable facts in structured fields
When a failure depends on a particular value, field, or condition, represent that information as data rather than continually changing the message template. Google AIP-193 recommends putting dynamic aspects in structured metadata such as ErrorInfo in details. A consistent structure is easier for clients to consume and lets the public explanation remain clear.
Define API-specific error codes or stable problem-type URIs and document what each means. Clients can branch on those identifiers and the HTTP status; they should not infer behavior from English prose.
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For request validation, return a documented list of issues with a machine-readable location and a concise explanation. RFC 9457 demonstrates an errors extension with a JSON Pointer for each invalid part of a request body. Microsoft Graph’s guidance uses concepts including target and details in its own error format. Choose one model that fits your API and document it rather than mixing fields from different formats.
Specify whether a response reports one issue or several independent issues. RFC 9457 recommends representing the most relevant or urgent problem when multiple unrelated problem types occur; validation of several fields can still be represented as multiple entries within a chosen validation structure.
Here is an illustrative RFC 9457-style response. The status, URI, code, field bounds, and occurrence identifier below are example values, not claims about a real service.
HTTP/1.1 422 Unprocessable Content
Content-Type: application/problem+json
{
"type": "https://api.example.com/problems/validation-error",
"title": "Request validation failed",
"status": 422,
"detail": "Correct the listed fields and submit the request again.",
"instance": "/problem-occurrences/abc123",
"errors": [
{
"pointer": "#/page_size",
"code": "out_of_range",
"detail": "Must be between 1 and 100."
}
]
}The standard defines the core members; the errors array and its fields are an extension that an API must define for its own contract. The example’s JSON Pointer identifies the relevant request-body location.
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Choose one error format that fits your API
RFC 9457 is a general HTTP option, not a requirement for every protocol or service. Google AIP-193 describes Google’s error shape based on google.rpc.Status and canonical gRPC codes. Microsoft Graph publishes its own error-object guidance. These models serve different ecosystems; combining their fields into an undocumented hybrid makes client behavior harder to predict.
When selecting a format, weigh its fit against your protocol and existing client ecosystem, whether it supports the structured identifiers and validation locations you need, how its compatibility rules affect deployed clients, and whether its public fields can be exposed safely. Choose a single documented schema and apply it consistently.
Treat identifiers and schema as an API contract
Once clients depend on a problem type, error code, or response shape, changing it can break their behavior. Define identifiers early, document their meanings, and keep them stable. Google AIP-193 advises brownfield APIs without machine-readable identifiers to keep a given message stable; Microsoft warns that changing an error code visible to clients is breaking. These are vendor-specific recommendations, but both underline the value of making structured identifiers the durable contract and prose the explanation.
Keep public errors separate from private diagnosis
Return the interface-level problem and safe guidance, not implementation details. Do not expose stack traces, SQL fragments, secrets, internal hostnames, or implementation class names in the response. Keep detailed exception data in server logs with suitable access controls.
If support needs to find the corresponding server-side event, an occurrence identifier such as a carefully designed instance can help connect the public report to private diagnostics. Ensure the identifier itself does not reveal sensitive information. RFC 9457 cautions that problem details are not a debugging tool and identifies security risks in exposing internal details.
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