A vendor-neutral wallet API should give applications a stable vocabulary for wallets, qualified accounts, capabilities, and operation status—while leaving custody controls, signing, and ledger-specific asset rules explicit in provider and ledger adapters. Neutrality means a portable contract that declares differences, not a promise that providers or chains behave identically.
What belongs in the shared contract?
Keep the application-facing interface small enough to implement across providers, but precise enough that it does not erase meaningful differences. Use internal identifiers for providers and wallets; treat provider IDs as adapter references rather than domain keys. Represent an action as an intent—such as an asset, amount, destination, requested operation, and relevant policy context—then let the adapter construct the provider- and ledger-specific transaction.
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For cross-chain accounts, store the network and account identity together. CAIP-10 defines a chain-qualified account ID and is a useful shared vocabulary, but it does not require every namespace to normalize addresses the same way. Its specification advises consumers to consider namespace-specific canonicalization or deduplication. An address string alone is therefore not a reliable global account key.
Keep the normalized application model separate from the adapter’s native request and response. Preserve native identifiers and diagnostic details in an attached provider-specific field where needed for support, audit, and reconciliation; do not make them the only way an application can understand an operation.
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How should capability differences be represented?
Make capabilities discoverable and scoped to the chain and account type. A capability record can describe supported networks, account models, token actions, call batching and atomicity, fee sponsorship, and compliance or administrative actions. Treat this list as a design recommendation, not a standard-mandated schema.
EIP-5792 provides a concrete example for EVM wallet calls: a request includes a chain ID, a list of calls, an atomicRequired flag, and optional capabilities. Its error model includes unsupported capabilities, chains, and atomicity. Support can vary by chain, so a wallet’s general feature list is not enough to establish that a particular operation is available on a particular network.
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- Distinguish a required capability from an optional one. If an operation requires atomic execution and the wallet cannot provide it, return an explicit unsupported-capability or unsupported-atomicity result rather than silently sending separate calls.
- Return capability results with their scope, such as chain and account type, and record when they were obtained. Re-query when appropriate; cached capability data should not override a current response.
- Keep an adapter conformance profile. A standard supplies shared terms, but it does not prove that every implementation has the same behavior.
MetaMask’s multichain API documentation is an implementation reference, not a guarantee of universal CAIP behavior: it documents divergence from the restructured upstream CAIP-25 shape. ERC-7902 adds account-abstraction capability patterns, but individual capabilities still need implementation-status checks before an integration relies on them.
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| Concern | Shared API responsibility | Adapter responsibility |
|---|---|---|
| Wallet and account references | Expose stable application IDs and chain-qualified account identities. | Resolve provider IDs, account formats, and namespace-specific normalization. |
| Operation intent | Accept the requested action and its application-level context. | Build provider requests and ledger-specific transactions. |
| Capabilities | Expose scoped support and distinguish required from optional behavior. | Translate native capability responses and enforce the provider’s actual constraints. |
| Custody and signing | Represent approval requirements and expose outcome and diagnostic information. | Apply custody, signer, approval-policy, and signing-mechanism rules. |
| Asset lifecycle | Represent applicable actions and policy outcomes without assuming every token supports them. | Handle ledger- and token-specific setup, authorization, and transaction semantics. |
| Operations and events | Provide durable operation references, stable status categories, and recovery interfaces. | Map native statuses, errors, event formats, and reconciliation sources. |
This boundary should not conceal who controls keys or decides whether a transaction can be signed. ERC-7902 specifically warns that EIP-7702 authorization is sensitive and calls for a strict shortlist of known, publicly audited account implementations. Keep authorization and approval results inspectable; a generic “send” operation is not a substitute for exposing consequential signing rules.
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How should an operation move through its lifecycle?
Define application-level lifecycle states that fit the product, and document how adapters map native statuses into them. One possible vocabulary is accepted, pending approval, signed, broadcast, confirmed or finalized, failed, canceled, and unknown. These are design categories, not a universal status standard; providers and ledgers may expose different stages and finality meanings.
- Accept the intent. Validate application-level fields and required capability constraints before dispatch. Return a durable operation reference when the provider accepts the request.
- Track approval and signing. Represent pending approval separately from a rejected or failed operation. Preserve provider-specific evidence and failure detail for authorized support and audit workflows.
- Track submission and finality. Distinguish signed from broadcast, and broadcast from confirmed or finalized. Define what each status means for each supported ledger instead of treating a provider’s “complete” label as universal finality.
- Handle uncertainty and recovery. If a timeout leaves it unclear whether the provider accepted the request, do not blindly create a second operation. Use the idempotency key and operation reference to query, reconcile, or safely retry according to the adapter’s documented behavior.
Normalize common errors into stable application categories while retaining the native error and diagnostic context. A compliance denial, unsupported capability, user rejection, provider outage, and ledger execution failure should not all collapse into an undifferentiated transaction error.
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How do token and compliance rules change the API?
Tokenized assets do not share one transfer model. A transfer may require setup, holder authorization, account association, eligibility checks, or other lifecycle actions before a ledger will accept it. Model these as typed capabilities and policy outcomes rather than assuming every asset is an interchangeable balance.
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- XRPL and Hedera workflows: Ripple Custody v1.40 describes XRPL trust lines and Multi-Purpose Tokens, Hedera associations, classification, and standard transfer workflows. These are examples of ledger-specific setup, not universal prerequisites. Verify the current release and ledger support before using that version-specific documentation for an implementation decision.
- ERC-3643 eligibility: the standard makes transfer eligibility depend on recipient verification and whitelisting, relevant frozen or paused states, sufficient free balance, and compliance approval. Surface the eligibility decision and applicable restriction instead of translating every denial into a generic transaction failure. Actual requirements vary by token and jurisdiction; the standard is not legal advice.
Keep policy evaluation distinct from transaction submission where the underlying integration supports that distinction. A useful result can identify whether an action is eligible, which policy condition blocks it, and whether the issue is retryable or requires an authorized administrative change. Avoid exposing sensitive identity or compliance data to callers that do not need it.
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What operational behavior makes portability real?
Portable request and response shapes are not enough if one adapter can be safely retried and another cannot, or if events cannot be reconciled with the operation record. Include these behaviors in the contract and adapter documentation:
- Idempotency: accept a client-generated idempotency key for commands where supported, define its scope and retention behavior, and explain how a repeated request is handled.
- Durable references: return an operation reference that can be queried independently of the original request connection.
- Events: verify webhook or event authenticity, associate events with durable operations, and make duplicate or out-of-order delivery safe to process.
- Recovery: provide a way to query status after timeouts and reconcile local state with provider or ledger records. Define what callers should do when the provider’s acceptance is unknown.
- Diagnostics: retain native status, error, and correlation details while exposing stable application-level categories.
SettleMint’s documentation directs new integrations to its /api/v2 API and OpenAPI contract, and discusses production concerns such as headers, idempotency, recovery, events, and webhooks. The documented tokenization API is EVM-only, so its interface should not be read as a cross-ledger contract. Confirm endpoints and behavior against the current OpenAPI reference. Ripple Custody’s workflow documentation also includes transaction status and reconciliation, underscoring that these concerns belong in an integration design, not only in an endpoint schema.
How can teams evaluate a proposed boundary?
Use the same review questions for each provider and ledger adapter. Record supported behavior and evidence rather than inferring support from a standard’s existence.
| Evaluation axis | Questions to answer |
|---|---|
| Chains and token standards | Which networks and token standards are supported, and which asset lifecycle actions are implemented? |
| Account and signing model | Does the integration use an EOA, smart account, multisig, embedded, or custodial account? Who controls signing and approval policy? |
| Capabilities and atomicity | Can capabilities be queried per chain and account type? Can required batching or atomicity be guaranteed, or only requested? |
| Custody and policy | Who holds or controls signing authority, and how are approval decisions and evidence surfaced? |
| Eligibility and compliance | Can the application distinguish an ineligible transfer from a technical transaction failure without exposing unnecessary sensitive data? |
| Status and finality | How are approval, signing, broadcast, confirmation, finality, cancellation, and uncertainty mapped? What does each state mean on this ledger? |
| Events and recovery | Are idempotency, event verification, replay, reconciliation, and timeout handling documented and usable? |
| Portability trade-off | Which provider-specific features are available only through an extension, and what happens when another adapter lacks them? |
Alloy’s documentation describes a control plane across providers and self-hosted wallets, but its M0 sandbox material is mock-backed unless marked live, and some modules are listed as preview or planned. Treat such examples as architectural references, not evidence of production behavior. The same discipline applies generally: maintain a conformance profile based on the actual integration and supported release, not a marketing label or a standard’s abstract capability.
What is a practical implementation sequence?
- Define identifiers first. Choose stable internal provider, wallet, operation, and asset references. Store a qualified network-and-account identity and document namespace-specific normalization.
- Specify operation intents and capability constraints. Make the requested action, required capabilities, and policy context explicit. Keep transaction construction out of the shared model.
- Write lifecycle and error mappings. Document native-to-common state mappings, finality meanings, retry safety, and which diagnostics are retained.
- Implement one adapter profile at a time. Record observed support by network and account type, including limitations and provider-specific extensions. Do not present mock-backed or preview functionality as production-validated.
- Exercise failure and recovery paths. Test unsupported capabilities, rejected approvals, eligibility failures, duplicate commands, delayed events, timeouts with unknown acceptance, and reconciliation against native records.
- Version the contract deliberately. Add optional capabilities without changing the meaning of existing operations; make required behavior explicit so an adapter cannot silently degrade it.
The result is not one fictional wallet that behaves identically everywhere. It is an application contract that remains useful across integrations because it standardizes common concepts, makes differences observable, and gives adapters responsibility for the semantics they actually control.
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