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Use the VPS as an execution host, not as the DNS server itself: keep your desired records in a Git repository, run OctoDNS from an isolated Python virtual environment, preview its plan, apply only reviewed changes, and verify the result with DNS queries. This DNS-as-code workflow makes changes repeatable across one or more providers, but OctoDNS assumes ownership of the managed zone, so an incorrect configuration can remove records.
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The procedure below follows the current OctoDNS 1.22.0 documentation line. Provider plug-ins, APIs, authentication requirements, and supported record features change independently, so confirm those details for your selected provider before production use.
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What OctoDNS does on a Linux VPS
OctoDNS is a set of tools and patterns for managing DNS across multiple providers in the style of infrastructure as code. Your source files describe the records that should exist. OctoDNS reads those files, compares them with each target provider, builds a change plan, and optionally applies that plan.
The VPS is simply the machine that runs these commands. It does not need to answer DNS queries and it does not replace your provider’s authoritative name servers. You can run the same repository from a workstation or CI system, but a VPS is useful for scheduled plans, controlled network access, and a stable execution environment.
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A normal deployment has four distinct stages:
- Define: write zones and records in YAML and commit them to Git.
- Plan: validate the files and run
octodns-syncwithout--doit. - Apply: review every create, update, and delete, then run the same command with
--doit. - Verify: query authoritative and recursive DNS servers with
digand useoctodns-reportwhen useful.
DNS propagation is still governed by TTLs, provider behavior, delegation, and resolver caches. OctoDNS gives you a controlled change process; it cannot guarantee instantaneous or zero-downtime propagation.
Prepare the Linux VPS
Minimum preparation
Use a supported Python 3 installation, a user account permitted to create files and install packages, and network access to the APIs of every target provider. Decide where the repository will live and make sure its filesystem permissions prevent other users from reading configuration or secret material.
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Keep the OctoDNS files in a Git repository. Git history gives you a reviewable, reversible record of DNS changes, while pull-request approval can provide a second set of eyes before an apply operation.
Create an isolated environment
- Create a working directory for the repository and change into it.
- Create a Python virtual environment with
python3 -mvenv env. - Activate it with
source env/bin/activate. - Install the
octodnspackage with pip. - Install the provider integration package required by your chosen target. Use that provider’s current OctoDNS plug-in documentation for the exact package name and any additional dependencies.
Keeping OctoDNS and its provider integration inside the virtual environment prevents system Python packages from changing the behavior of unrelated services. Record the package versions you install so a later plan can be reproduced.
Organize the repository
A small repository can use a layout like this:
dns-repository/
├── config/
│ ├── octodns.yaml
│ └── example.com.yaml
└── env/The env directory is the virtual environment and normally should not be committed. Add it to .gitignore, along with local logs and any files that could contain credentials. Commit the YAML configuration and documentation, never provider secrets.
Configure providers and zones
OctoDNS configuration has two central mappings: providers defines source and target implementations, and zones connects a zone name to its source and target providers. The following example uses a YAML source and a Route 53 target:
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config:
class: octodns.provider.yaml.YamlProvider
directory: ./config
default_ttl: 3600
route53:
class: octodns_route53.Route53Provider
access_key_id: env/AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
secret_access_key: env/AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
zones:
example.com.:
sources:
- config
targets:
- route53YamlProvider reads zone files from the directory you specify. In this example, the source file for example.com. is config/example.com.yaml. The default_ttl value supplies a TTL when an individual record does not define one.
The target’s class is the provider class exposed by its installed integration package. Credentials can be referenced with env/VARIABLE_NAME; OctoDNS reads the value from the process environment instead of storing it in Git. Set those environment variables through a protected shell, service manager, or CI secret store. Do not put access keys directly in the YAML file.
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Zone names are normally written with a trailing dot, as in example.com.. Keep that form consistently in the configuration. The configuration guide also supports ordering controls, wildcard zone matching, and a published JSON Schema; use the schema and documented options when your repository grows beyond a simple source-to-target setup.
Write the zone YAML
Apex and host records
Create config/example.com.yaml with the records that should exist in the zone:
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type: A
values:
- 203.0.113.10
www:
type: CNAME
value: example.com.The empty key represents the zone apex, so the first record answers for example.com.. A name such as www is relative to that zone and produces www.example.com.. An A record uses a list under values; a single-valued record such as this CNAME uses value.
The records documentation uses * for a wildcard record name. A wildcard is not the same as listing every possible host, and provider restrictions still apply. Add only record types supported by both OctoDNS and your target provider.
TTL and record ownership
Set a record-specific TTL when a record needs behavior different from the source provider’s default. Otherwise, the YAML provider’s default_ttl is used. TTL changes affect how long recursive resolvers may cache an answer; they do not force existing cached responses to disappear immediately.
Treat the YAML zone as the desired complete state for the records OctoDNS manages. Do not assume that an unlisted record will be preserved automatically. Before managing a live zone, import its current contents or otherwise account for every record that must remain.
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Run the validation utility after editing YAML and before a sync:
octodns-validate --config-file=config/octodns.yamlThe command catches configuration and record-format problems early. Make validation a required local and CI check so malformed changes fail before they can generate a provider plan.
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Validation does not prove that credentials are valid, that an API is reachable, or that a provider supports every record feature you selected. Those questions are exposed when OctoDNS populates the source and target and builds a plan.
Preview a change with the safe plan/apply loop
Generate a plan
From the activated virtual environment, run:
octodns-sync --config-file=config/octodns.yamlWithout --doit, OctoDNS prints a plan and does not apply it. Read each create, update, and delete. Check names, record types, values, and TTLs, and investigate any deletion or replacement you did not intend.
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An unexpectedly large plan usually means the source file is incomplete, the zone name does not match the provider’s zone, a record is represented differently than the provider returns it, or credentials point at the wrong account. Stop and correct the source or target selection rather than applying a surprising diff.
Use a fake or disposable zone for your first installation. The getting-started guidance warns that OctoDNS assumes ownership of a pointed-to domain and can delete records that are absent from the desired state. For production, require peer review of the plan and the Git change before anyone is allowed to apply it.
Apply only an approved plan
When the preview matches the intended change, apply it explicitly:
octodns-sync --config-file=config/octodns.yaml --doitRun the plan command again after the apply. A synchronized target should report that no changes were planned. If it proposes another change, inspect the provider response and record normalization instead of repeatedly applying until the output appears quiet.
Verify the deployed DNS
Verification should test both the authoritative data and what a normal recursive client receives. Use dig to query the names and record types you changed. Query an authoritative server directly when you need to confirm the provider’s published data, then query one or more recursive resolvers to observe caching and propagation.
Use octodns-report when you want OctoDNS’s view of provider data and differences presented as a report. A successful API apply is not proof that delegation, DNSSEC, or application-specific records are functioning as expected; those must be checked in the DNS path and at the service that consumes the records.
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Allow for the record TTL and provider-specific propagation behavior when interpreting a recursive query. A resolver that still returns the old value may be honoring a cached response rather than indicating a failed apply.
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Bring an existing zone under management
Import the current state first
For a zone that already contains important records, start from the provider’s current state instead of writing a new minimal file. Use octodns-dump or a populate configuration to bring existing records into YAML.
Keep the first imported version as close to the live state as possible. Run a plan against the existing provider and aim for no material changes. Only after the import is stable should you make cleanup, TTL, naming, or routing improvements in separate commits.
Handle records that need temporary leniency
The migration guidance documents octodns.lenient: true for records that are temporarily non-compliant with normal validation. Use this narrowly and document why it is present. Leniency should help you complete a controlled migration, not become a permanent way to conceal invalid or unsupported records.
Cut over incrementally
- Export or populate the existing zone and commit the generated YAML.
- Validate it and run a non-applying sync against the current provider.
- Resolve every unexpected diff before changing the desired state.
- Introduce one intentional improvement at a time, previewing each change.
- Keep the provider delegation and application checks under observation during the transition.
If a record cannot be represented by the selected OctoDNS integration, decide whether to keep it managed directly by the provider, choose another integration, or redesign the record. Do not assume that importing a record guarantees identical support on every future target.
Choose a provider integration deliberately
OctoDNS has integrations for a broad provider ecosystem, including cloud DNS, commercial managed DNS, BIND/RFC-2136, and other services listed in its provider table. The most suitable target depends on your records and operational constraints, not only on whether an integration exists.
| Evaluation axis | Questions to answer before production |
|---|---|
| Record coverage | Does the integration read and write every record type, alias form, and value format used by your zone? |
| DNSSEC | How are signing, key changes, DS records, and DNSSEC status exposed and managed? Confirm the plug-in’s current behavior. |
| Advanced routing | Are weighted, geolocation, latency, health-check, failover, or provider-specific routing policies supported without losing settings? |
| Resilience | What geographic and service redundancy does the provider offer, and how does that align with your availability requirements? |
| Authentication | Can credentials use short-lived or narrowly scoped identities, and can they be supplied through environment variables or a secret manager? |
| Rate limits | What API quotas, pagination behavior, and retry requirements affect a large zone or frequent plans? |
| Cost | Which recurring and per-query charges apply in your region and account tier? Check the provider’s current pricing rather than assuming integration cost equals DNS cost. |
Provider-specific packages and credentials must be checked against current provider documentation before deployment. Feature parity is not universal: a record that works in one target may be unsupported, normalized differently, or impossible to represent in another.
Understand OctoDNS’s synchronization lifecycle
A sync populates source zones, applies configured processors, builds target plans, and performs safety validation before applying changes. This lifecycle is important when diagnosing a plan: a difference may originate in source data, a processor, provider normalization, or the target’s current state.
Safety checks are part of the normal apply path. A force option exists for exceptional cases, but bypassing safety validation removes a protection against destructive changes. Treat any forced run as a separately approved operation with an explicit rollback plan.
Keep provider credentials outside the repository, protect the VPS account that can apply DNS, and retain Git history as the authoritative change log. Separate read-only planning credentials from write-capable apply credentials where the provider permits it.
Automate drift detection without giving automation unlimited authority
Schedule periodic non-applying plans or run them in CI whenever the repository changes. A scheduled plan can reveal out-of-band edits, expired credentials, API changes, and drift before an incident requires an emergency update.
A practical pipeline has independent gates:
- Run
octodns-validateon every proposed change. - Run
octodns-syncwithout--doitand save the plan for review. - Require approval before a job receives write credentials.
- Apply only the reviewed commit, then run a second plan.
- Query important names with
digand record the result for operational evidence.
Do not let an unattended job apply a plan merely because it is scheduled. DNS deletion mistakes can affect mail, web traffic, identity systems, and internal services at once.
Common failure modes and fixes
The command cannot find a provider class
The integration package may not be installed in the active virtual environment, or the class path in the configuration may not match the package’s current documentation. Activate env, verify the installed package version, and use the provider’s documented class name.
Authentication fails
Check that the environment variables exist in the same shell or service context that runs OctoDNS, that the identity has the required read or write permissions, and that the credentials belong to the intended account. Never solve an authentication error by committing secret values to YAML.
The plan wants to delete many records
Stop the run. Compare the zone name, source directory, and imported YAML with the live zone. A missing source file, a typo in the fully qualified zone name, an empty directory, or credentials for a different account can all produce a destructive plan. Restore the complete source state or re-import with octodns-dump before applying anything.
A record is rejected as unsupported
Confirm that the source syntax is valid and that both the OctoDNS integration and target API support the record type and its provider-specific attributes. If the record is temporarily unavoidable during migration, document a narrowly scoped lenient setting; otherwise keep it outside the managed set or select an integration that supports it.
The second plan still shows a difference
Inspect how the provider normalizes names, trailing dots, TTLs, alias records, or ordering. The target may return a representation that differs from the source even though the effective DNS answer is equivalent. Update the source to the integration’s documented canonical form or report a genuine provider plug-in issue rather than applying the same plan repeatedly.
dig still returns the old value
Query the authoritative server to distinguish an apply problem from resolver caching. If authoritative data is correct, wait for the old TTL to expire and check another recursive resolver. If authoritative data is wrong, inspect the apply result, delegation, provider account, and record name.
A production readiness checklist
- The repository is in Git, reviewed, and recoverable.
- The VPS uses an isolated Python virtual environment.
- OctoDNS and the selected provider integration are installed and version-recorded.
- Credentials come from protected environment variables or an equivalent secret mechanism.
- The zone was imported or otherwise reconciled before management began.
- Validation passes before every plan.
- Every plan is reviewed, with special attention to deletes.
- A disposable zone was used to test the workflow.
- Post-apply checks include a second plan,
dig, and, where useful,octodns-report. - Provider limits, DNSSEC behavior, advanced routing, and unsupported record types are documented for the target integration.
- There is a rollback procedure based on a known-good Git revision and provider access.
Bottom line
OctoDNS is safest when treated as a change-management system for DNS rather than a one-command deployment tool. Put the complete desired zone in version control, validate it, inspect a dry-run plan, apply only after review, and verify both authoritative and recursive answers. Start with a disposable zone and import existing records before taking ownership of a live domain; that discipline prevents the most damaging failure mode, an accidental deletion of records that the source files never described.
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