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This guide shows the full setup on an Ubuntu-style Linux VPS. Commands use the application name flaskapp, the directory /srv/flaskapp, and the domain example.com; substitute your own values.
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Choose the deployment architecture first
A single VPS can host nginx, Gunicorn, Flask, and PostgreSQL:
Internet → nginx (80/443, TLS) → Gunicorn (127.0.0.1:8000 or a Unix socket) → Flask → PostgreSQLnginx is the public boundary. It terminates TLS, redirects HTTP to HTTPS, serves static files efficiently, and forwards dynamic requests to Gunicorn. Gunicorn is a production WSGI server; Flask’s development server is intended only for local development and must not be exposed to the Internet. Gunicorn should also run as an unprivileged account, never as root.
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Self-managed PostgreSQL on the VPS
Installing PostgreSQL on the same machine gives the lowest incremental cost and keeps database traffic on the loopback interface. You are responsible for operating-system patches, PostgreSQL upgrades, authentication rules, monitoring, disk capacity, backups, restore tests, and recovery if the VPS fails.
Managed PostgreSQL
A managed database service shifts patching, storage operations, high availability, and often automated backups to the provider. It adds a recurring charge and requires network configuration, firewall rules, TLS validation, and a plan for service limits or region availability. Your Flask and nginx layout does not change; only the database host, port, credentials, and security boundary do.
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| Decision area | PostgreSQL on the VPS | Managed PostgreSQL |
|---|---|---|
| Operational control | Full control of PostgreSQL configuration and the host | Control is limited to the service’s exposed settings |
| Setup effort | Install, secure, update, monitor, and back up the database yourself | Provisioning is simpler, but networking and TLS must be configured |
| Security boundary | Keep PostgreSQL on localhost unless a private network is deliberately configured | Restrict source addresses, credentials, and encrypted connections across the network |
| Scaling path | Vertical VPS upgrades and later separation of the database | Service tiers, replicas, or provider-specific scaling options |
| Backup responsibility | Entirely yours, including restore drills | Provider automation may help, but you still need retention, access, and restore verification |
| Monthly cost | Included in the VPS capacity; no universal amount applies | Additional recurring charge that varies by provider, region, storage, and backups |
For a small application, a single VPS is a reasonable starting point if you can perform maintenance and maintain off-machine backups. Move PostgreSQL to a separate private or managed service when resource contention, availability requirements, or operational workload justify it.
Prepare Ubuntu and the deployment account
1. Provision and connect securely
Choose a supported Ubuntu release or another maintained Linux distribution. Create a non-root account for deployment and administration, install its SSH key, and use sudo only for privileged tasks. Disable password SSH authentication and direct root login according to your provider’s access procedure after confirming that key-based access works.
ssh admin@example-vps-address
sudo adduser flaskapp
sudo usermod -aG sudo flaskapp
su - flaskappDo not run the application from a personal home directory that other service accounts can modify. The examples below use /srv/flaskapp and a dedicated service account.
2. Update packages and install required software
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install python3 python3-venv python3-pip git nginx postgresql postgresql-contrib ufwUbuntu’s baseline PostgreSQL installation uses the distribution package named postgresql. If you use the PostgreSQL Global Development Group repository instead, follow its repository-specific support and upgrade instructions rather than mixing packages casually.
3. Configure the firewall
Allow SSH before enabling the firewall so you do not lock yourself out. Open only the public web ports you actually use; PostgreSQL should remain closed to the public Internet when it is local.
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sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw status verboseIf SSH uses a custom port, allow that port instead of OpenSSH. A firewall is not a substitute for PostgreSQL authentication or least-privilege roles.
Install the Flask application in an isolated environment
1. Create the application directory
sudo mkdir -p /srv/flaskapp
sudo chown flaskapp:flaskapp /srv/flaskapp
cd /srv/flaskapp
git clone https://your-git-host.example/your-account/your-project.git .Use your real repository URL. Keep deployment credentials out of clone URLs, shell history, and application logs.
2. Create and populate a virtual environment
python3 -m venv .venv
. .venv/bin/activate
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
pip install -r requirements.txtPin production dependencies in requirements.txt or another lock mechanism. The environment used by systemd must be the same one in which you installed Gunicorn, your PostgreSQL driver, Flask, and migration tooling.
3. Provide a WSGI entry point
Gunicorn needs a module and application target. With a module named wsgi.py containing app, the target is wsgi:app. If your project uses an application factory, use the factory syntax supported by your Gunicorn version, such as wsgi:create_app(), and test it from the project directory:
. .venv/bin/activate
python -c 'from wsgi import app; print(app)'An import error here is easier to fix than one discovered through nginx. Confirm the working directory, package names, and any required environment variables.
Install and secure PostgreSQL
1. Check the service
sudo systemctl enable --now postgresql
sudo systemctl status postgresql
sudo -u postgres psql -c 'SELECT version();'Ubuntu stores the active PostgreSQL configuration under a path such as /etc/postgresql/<version>/main. The exact version directory depends on the package installed; inspect it rather than hard-coding a number in automation.
2. Create a dedicated role and database
Never let web requests use the PostgreSQL superuser. Create one role for this application and grant it access only to its database.
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sudo -u postgres psql
CREATE ROLE app_user LOGIN PASSWORD 'replace-with-a-long-random-password';
CREATE DATABASE app_db OWNER app_user;
c app_db
REVOKE ALL ON DATABASE app_db FROM PUBLIC;
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE app_db TO app_user;
qUse a randomly generated password and do not paste it into source control. If you later split schema ownership from runtime access, create a separate migration owner and grant the web role only the privileges it needs.
3. Understand local authentication
PostgreSQL’s pg_hba.conf controls client authentication. Ubuntu installations commonly use peer authentication for local operating-system users and scram-sha-256 for host connections. A connection to 127.0.0.1 is a host connection, so it can require the password in your connection string. After changing authentication rules, reload or restart PostgreSQL as directed by the configuration change and verify with a real application connection.
sudo -u postgres psql -c 'SHOW hba_file;'
sudo systemctl reload postgresqlIf PostgreSQL is on another machine, allow only the application server’s private address in pg_hba.conf, bind PostgreSQL to the required private interface, enforce TLS, and avoid opening port 5432 to the entire Internet. A bundled self-signed SSL setup may be suitable for testing, but production clients should validate a certificate issued by a trusted certificate authority.
4. Store the connection string outside the repository
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://app_user:[email protected]:5432/app_dbSome drivers use a scheme such as postgresql+psycopg; use the scheme required by your framework and installed driver. URL-encode reserved characters in usernames or passwords. Restrict the file that contains this value and never print it in diagnostics.
Configure secrets and production settings
Keep SECRET_KEY, DATABASE_URL, API credentials, and other sensitive values out of Git. A systemd environment file is a simple option for one VPS.
sudo install -o root -g flaskapp -m 0640 /dev/null /etc/flaskapp.env
sudoedit /etc/flaskapp.envFLASK_CONFIG=production
FLASK_DEBUG=0
SECRET_KEY=replace-with-a-long-random-secret
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://app_user:[email protected]:5432/app_dbThe service account must be able to read the file, while ordinary users should not. Set debug off in production. If a secret has ever been committed, logged, or exposed in a process listing, rotate it rather than merely deleting the visible copy.
Run Gunicorn under systemd
1. Create a service unit
sudoedit /etc/systemd/system/flaskapp.service[Unit]
Description=Gunicorn service for Flask application
After=network.target
[Service]
User=flaskapp
Group=flaskapp
WorkingDirectory=/srv/flaskapp
EnvironmentFile=/etc/flaskapp.env
Environment=PATH=/srv/flaskapp/.venv/bin
ExecStart=/srv/flaskapp/.venv/bin/gunicorn --workers 3 --bind 127.0.0.1:8000 wsgi:app
Restart=always
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetThe example uses three workers only as a starting configuration. Worker count must match the workload, request behavior, available memory, and database connection capacity. More workers are not automatically faster; each worker consumes memory and can increase database connections.
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2. Enable and inspect the service
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now flaskapp
sudo systemctl status flaskapp
sudo journalctl -u flaskapp -n 100 --no-pagerTest Gunicorn locally before configuring nginx:
curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8000/healthCreate a lightweight health endpoint that verifies the process is serving. A deeper readiness check may also test PostgreSQL, but keep it fast and avoid exposing credentials or internal exception details.
Unix socket alternative
Gunicorn can bind to a Unix socket, and nginx can proxy to that socket. This avoids a TCP port and allows filesystem permissions to form part of the boundary, but socket ownership and group permissions must be correct. A loopback TCP bind is often simpler for a first deployment; choose one target and make nginx match it exactly.
Configure nginx as the reverse proxy
1. Create a server block
sudoedit /etc/nginx/sites-available/flaskappserver {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location /static/ {
alias /srv/flaskapp/static/;
expires 7d;
add_header Cache-Control 'public';
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}Change the static path to the directory your build actually produces. The nginx worker needs permission to traverse the parent directories and read those files. If you do not have a separate static directory, omit that location rather than pointing it at the wrong path.
2. Enable and validate nginx
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/flaskapp /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/flaskapp
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginx
curl -I http://example.comRemove or disable the distribution’s default site if it catches the request before your server block. A 502 response usually means Gunicorn is stopped, nginx is proxying to the wrong address, or a Unix socket has incompatible permissions.
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Because Flask receives requests from nginx rather than directly from the browser, configure trusted proxy handling appropriate to your topology. Forwarded host and protocol headers must be interpreted only from a trusted proxy; do not blindly trust headers from arbitrary clients. Correct proxy handling makes generated URLs use HTTPS and lets secure-cookie settings behave as intended.
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Use an established ACME client such as Certbot after DNS for the domain points to the VPS and ports 80 and 443 are reachable. The exact package command varies by Ubuntu release and installation method, so follow the client’s supported instructions for your system.
- Confirm that
example.comresolves to the VPS and that nginx serves the expected HTTP server block. - Run the ACME client for the domain names you actually control, allowing it to install or provide the certificate for nginx.
- Verify that nginx has a TLS server block and that HTTP requests redirect to HTTPS.
- Enable the client’s renewal timer or scheduled job.
- Run a renewal dry run and inspect the result before the first certificate expiry window.
After TLS is active, test both the redirect and the application:
curl -I http://example.com
curl -I https://example.com
curl -fsS https://example.com/healthIf you see a redirect loop, inspect nginx’s proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto value and Flask’s proxy configuration. If secure cookies fail, verify that Flask knows the original request was HTTPS and that cookie security settings match your deployment.
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Use the project’s migration tool, such as Flask-Migrate and Alembic, to create and review schema changes before release. Do not generate unreviewed migrations on the production server.
cd /srv/flaskapp
. .venv/bin/activate
flask db upgradeRun migrations against the intended database, confirm that the role has the required privileges, and consider how long each migration locks or rewrites a table. For high-traffic applications, use an expand-and-contract approach: add compatible structures first, deploy code that can use both versions, backfill safely, then remove obsolete structures in a later release.
Backups, monitoring, and recovery
PostgreSQL databases should be backed up regularly, and a backup is useful only if it can be restored. Keep copies outside the VPS so a disk failure, account compromise, or deleted machine does not destroy both production and its backups.
- Choose logical dumps, physical backups, or a managed service’s backup mechanism according to database size and recovery objectives.
- Encrypt backups in transit and at rest, restrict access, and define retention periods.
- Record when backups run and alert on failures, not just on successful jobs.
- Perform restore drills on a separate instance and verify application connectivity and important records.
- Monitor disk usage, memory, CPU, PostgreSQL connections, replication or backup lag where applicable, nginx errors, and systemd restarts.
Document recovery steps: provision a replacement host, install the required packages, restore PostgreSQL, deploy the known-good application revision, restore secrets through a protected channel, run any required migrations, and switch DNS or the load balancer only after health checks pass.
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Use a repeatable release procedure
- Record the revision being deployed and keep the previous known-good revision available for rollback.
- Fetch the new code into the application directory or stage it in a separate release directory.
- Install the locked dependencies into the production virtual environment.
- Review and apply the migration set against the intended PostgreSQL database.
- Run import checks and targeted tests, including a database connectivity check.
- Reload Gunicorn gracefully so existing requests can finish.
- Run
systemctl status flaskapp, inspect recent service logs, and test the health endpoint. - Run
nginx -t, reload nginx if its configuration changed, and make an HTTPS request through the public domain. - Watch application, nginx, and PostgreSQL logs for errors, latency spikes, authentication failures, or repeated restarts.
- If validation fails, restore the previous code revision and follow the migration rollback plan; do not assume that reverting application files reverses a database schema change.
A deployment is not complete merely because a command returned successfully. Confirm service status, nginx configuration, application logs, database access, and an HTTPS request from outside the host.
Quick Recap
Troubleshoot common failures
ModuleNotFoundError or import failure
- Check that
ExecStartpoints to the virtual environment’s Gunicorn binary. - Confirm
WorkingDirectoryis the directory containing the module. - Verify the Gunicorn target, such as
wsgi:app, matches the actual file and object. - Compare the environment variables available to systemd with those available in your interactive shell.
nginx returns 502 Bad Gateway
- Run
systemctl status flaskappand inspectjournalctl -u flaskapp. - Check that Gunicorn is listening on exactly
127.0.0.1:8000, or that the configured Unix socket exists. - Make sure nginx’s
proxy_passtarget matches the bind address and port. - For sockets, correct ownership, group membership, and directory traversal permissions.
PostgreSQL authentication fails
- Check the spelling, URL encoding, host, port, database, and password in
DATABASE_URL. - Confirm the role exists, can log in, and has privileges on the database and schema.
- Inspect the matching
pg_hba.confrule; a connection to127.0.0.1is not the same as a peer-authenticated Unix-socket connection. - Verify that PostgreSQL is listening on the intended address and that a remote deployment is allowed only from its private source address.
Static files are missing
- Confirm that the files exist under the directory named by nginx’s
aliasorroot. - Check read and traverse permissions for the nginx worker.
- Ensure the URL prefix and filesystem path agree, including trailing slashes for an
alias. - Serve large static assets directly from nginx instead of routing every request through Flask.
HTTPS redirects loop or cookies are insecure
- Confirm nginx forwards
X-Forwarded-Protoand Flask trusts only your proxy. - Check that the TLS server block redirects HTTP only once.
- Inspect Flask URL generation and secure-cookie settings after the proxy configuration is applied.
- Clear stale browser redirects or cookies while testing a corrected configuration.
Production checklist
- Non-root SSH and service accounts are in use.
- The development server is not exposed publicly.
- Gunicorn runs under the application account and is supervised by systemd.
- nginx is the only public application listener, with HTTPS enabled.
- PostgreSQL uses a dedicated role and database, with restricted authentication.
- Secrets are in protected environment configuration, not the repository.
- Debug mode is disabled.
- Migrations are reviewed and run as an explicit release step.
- Backups run regularly, are stored off-host, and have passed a restore drill.
- Health checks, logs, disk capacity, restarts, and database failures are monitored.
- A rollback revision and a database recovery plan are documented.
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