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Use the AI agent to help write or operate the automation, but let a script explicitly read each CSV row and send its URL to a browser. Python’s csv.DictReader can map a header such as url to each record, and Playwright’s Python API can capture viewport, full-page, or element screenshots. The example below saves one image per valid row and records successes and errors so the results stay tied to the source list.
What the workflow does—and what the agent does
A CSV is input data, not an instruction to a browser. The script must open it, read the URL column, validate each value, navigate to the URL, capture the page, and record the result. An AI coding agent can generate or modify that script and help explain errors. Playwright also documents a command-line interface for coding-agent browser workflows, but its cited documentation does not describe a built-in CSV batch importer. Playwright’s coding-agent CLI documentation
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This division keeps the batch process inspectable: the script owns the row-to-image mapping and error handling; the agent assists rather than silently deciding what to capture.
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Prepare the CSV and choose what to capture
Use a clear URL column
Make a header row with a field such as url, then put one URL in that column per record. The example uses Python’s DictReader, which maps row values to header names. Opening a CSV with newline='' follows the standard-library documentation. Python csv documentation
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Before navigation, check that the header exists and that each value is non-empty and has an acceptable URL scheme, typically http or https. The script below marks invalid rows as errors rather than trying to navigate to them.
Choose viewport, full-page, or element capture
- Viewport: captures the visible browser area at the configured viewport size.
- Full page: use
full_page=Truewhen content below the fold belongs in the image. This can produce a tall image. - Element: capture a specific component when the whole page is unnecessary; Playwright supports screenshots from a locator.
- File or bytes: pass a path to save directly, or use screenshot bytes if another step needs to process or transfer the image.
These capture choices are documented by Playwright’s screenshot guide. Keep browser, viewport, capture scope, and file format consistent when you intend to compare runs; the website itself can still change between captures.
Install the tools
Use a supported Python installation, then install Playwright and its browser binaries:
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- Install the Python package:
python -m pip install playwright. - Install Chromium for Playwright:
python -m playwright install chromium. - Save the script below as
capture_csv.py, and createurls.csvwith aurlheader. - Run it with
python capture_csv.py urls.csv.
These commands install the package and browser for the local environment where the script runs. If your system uses python3 instead of python, substitute that command consistently.
Runnable Python batch script
This script writes screenshots into screenshots/ and a results.csv manifest. Filenames include the CSV row number and hostname, so two URLs on the same site do not overwrite each other merely because their paths match. The screenshot and manifest paths are workflow choices; Playwright provides the navigation and screenshot primitives.
import csv
import re
import sys
from pathlib import Path
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
def safe_host(url):
host = urlparse(url).hostname or "unknown-host"
return re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9.-]+", "_", host)
def valid_url(value):
if not value:
return False
parsed = urlparse(value)
return parsed.scheme in ("http", "https") and bool(parsed.netloc)
def main(csv_path):
output_dir = Path("screenshots")
output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
results = []
with open(csv_path, newline="", encoding="utf-8-sig") as source:
reader = csv.DictReader(source)
if not reader.fieldnames or "url" not in reader.fieldnames:
raise ValueError("CSV must have a header named 'url'.")
with sync_playwright() as playwright:
browser = playwright.chromium.launch()
page = browser.new_page(viewport={"width": 1440, "height": 900})
for row_number, row in enumerate(reader, start=2):
url = (row.get("url") or "").strip()
filename = ""
status = "error"
error = ""
if not valid_url(url):
error = "Missing or invalid http(s) URL"
else:
filename = f"{row_number:05d}_{safe_host(url)}.png"
try:
page.goto(url, wait_until="load", timeout=30000)
page.screenshot(path=str(output_dir / filename), full_page=True)
status = "ok"
except Exception as exc:
error = f"{type(exc).__name__}: {exc}"
results.append({
"row": row_number,
"url": url,
"filename": filename,
"status": status,
"error": error,
})
browser.close()
with open("results.csv", "w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as manifest:
fields = ["row", "url", "filename", "status", "error"]
writer = csv.DictWriter(manifest, fieldnames=fields)
writer.writeheader()
writer.writerows(results)
failures = sum(result["status"] != "ok" for result in results)
print(f"Processed {len(results)} rows; {failures} failed. See results.csv")
if __name__ == "__main__":
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
raise SystemExit("Usage: python capture_csv.py urls.csv")
main(sys.argv[1])The sample waits for the page load event and then captures a full page. That is a practical default, not a guarantee that every site has finished rendering dynamic content. If a page needs a particular element or delay, adjust the wait strategy before taking its screenshot.
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Adapt the capture to your task
Capture only the visible viewport
Change page.screenshot(path=str(output_dir / filename), full_page=True) to page.screenshot(path=str(output_dir / filename)). The resulting image uses the page’s current viewport, here configured as 1440 by 900 pixels.
Wait for a page-specific element
When a page renders important content after initial load, wait for a selector before capturing, for example:
page.goto(url, wait_until="domcontentloaded", timeout=30000)
page.locator("main").wait_for(timeout=15000)
page.screenshot(path=str(output_dir / filename), full_page=True)Replace main with a selector that actually identifies the content you need. A missing selector will time out; handle that error in the row’s manifest rather than treating the capture as successful.
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Capture one element or return image bytes
For a component capture, identify it with a locator and call page.locator(".product-card").screenshot(path="card.png"). To use the screenshot in a later processing step instead of writing it immediately, call image_bytes = page.screenshot(full_page=True); Playwright returns the screenshot data as bytes. See Playwright screenshot options.
Operate the workflow with an AI agent
Give the agent the expected CSV header, desired capture scope, viewport, output naming rule, and how failures should be recorded. Ask it to explain code changes and preserve the row number and original URL in the manifest. For example: “Update this script to capture the visible viewport, wait for the selector main article, and write each row’s URL, filename, status, and error to results.csv.”
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Check results, reliability, and cost
- Run a few rows first and inspect whether the chosen viewport or full-page scope produces the intended deliverable.
- Use
results.csvto compare each source URL with its output filename and status. Failed rows remain visible instead of shifting later images into misleading names. - For recurring jobs, decide whether to retry selected failures and how to handle duplicate URLs; the sample records failures but does not automatically retry or deduplicate.
- Keep a stable viewport and capture method for comparisons, but allow for sites changing their content or rendering between runs.
- A local Playwright run gives you direct control over browser code and filenames, while you operate and maintain the local browser environment. No throughput, success-rate, or pixel-identical-output guarantee follows from this example.
Common errors and fixes
“CSV must have a header named ‘url’”
Rename the header to exactly url, or change the script’s header check and row.get("url") lookup to match your actual column. Check for accidental spaces in the header.
Missing or invalid URL
Fill in the row’s URL and ensure it includes http:// or https:// plus a hostname. Blank and malformed rows are recorded as errors without navigation.
Browser executable is missing
Run python -m playwright install chromium in the same Python environment where Playwright was installed.
Navigation timeout or failed page load
The site may be slow, unavailable, or waiting on resources that do not complete. Confirm the URL in a browser, then adjust the timeout or use an appropriate navigation wait condition for the site. The sample records the exception and continues to the next row.
Screenshot is blank or incomplete
Check that the URL loaded the expected page and that its content is not rendered only after a later event. Wait for a meaningful selector or a suitable delay before capture, and inspect whether viewport capture or full-page capture matches the requirement.
Or skip the browser setup
If you want the CSV loop but not a local browser installation, have your script send each validated URL to ScreenshotNeo, a website screenshot API and MCP server. Its one-request API returns a screenshot or PDF; the URL below is the service’s documented endpoint example, so substitute the current row’s URL and your API key. See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options.
Quick Recap
curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://stripe.com -o shot.webpScreenshotNeo removes cookie banners, newsletter popups, and chat widgets before capture; bot checks, blank pages, and failed loads are not billed. Its MCP server lets AI agents take screenshots, and the Free plan includes 1,000 screenshots per month with no card; paid plans start at $5 for 3,000. Sign up for free and get 1,000 screenshots a month with no card.
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