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What you need before capturing a signed-in page
- A Playwright project with the browser you intend to use installed.
- A valid authentication state for the account and environment under test.
- A reliable, application-specific signal that confirms the protected page is ready, such as an account control or a known destination URL.
- A safe location for the state file. It can contain cookies and headers that let someone impersonate the account.
The examples below use Playwright Test and a setup project to create reusable state. Adjust the URL and readiness selector to match your application; neither a generic navigation event nor a successful HTTP response alone proves that the page’s authenticated content has finished rendering.
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Save the authentication state once
Create a setup test that completes the sign-in flow, confirms the resulting authenticated page, and saves the browser context state. For example, create tests/auth.setup.ts:
import { test as setup, expect } from '@playwright/test';
import path from 'node:path';
const authFile = path.join(__dirname, '../playwright/.auth/user.json');
setup('sign in and save state', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('https://example.com/login');
// Replace these selectors and credentials with your app's sign-in flow.
await page.getByLabel('Email').fill(process.env.TEST_EMAIL ?? '');
await page.getByLabel('Password').fill(process.env.TEST_PASSWORD ?? '');
await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign in' }).click();
// Confirm an application-specific signal after redirects and rendering.
await expect(page.getByTestId('account-menu')).toBeVisible();
await page.context().storageState({ path: authFile });
});Keep secrets such as test credentials in environment variables or your CI secret store, not in source code. Ensure the state directory exists before running the setup test. Add playwright/.auth to .gitignore so the saved state is not committed:
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playwright/.authPlaywright’s authentication guide describes saving a context’s state for reuse and warns that state files can contain sensitive cookies and headers: Playwright authentication.
Reuse the state and capture the protected page
Configure a setup project and a dependent test project in playwright.config.ts. The dependent project loads the state file as its browser context’s storageState:
import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test';
export default defineConfig({
testDir: './tests',
projects: [
{
name: 'setup',
testMatch: /auth.setup.ts/,
},
{
name: 'chromium-authenticated',
use: {
...devices['Desktop Chrome'],
storageState: 'playwright/.auth/user.json',
},
dependencies: ['setup'],
testMatch: /signed-in.spec.ts/,
},
],
});Then create tests/signed-in.spec.ts:
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
test('capture an authenticated page', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('https://example.com/account');
// Use a signal that means the protected content is ready in your app.
await expect(page.getByTestId('account-menu')).toBeVisible();
await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Account' })).toBeVisible();
await page.screenshot({ path: 'signed-in.png' });
await page.screenshot({ path: 'signed-in-full.png', fullPage: true });
});Run the project with npx playwright test. The setup project runs first, writes the state file, and the dependent project uses it to open the protected route. Remove the extra leading space before test( in the sample if your formatter flags it; it has no effect on execution.
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The browser context is the owner of the page and its restored cookies/local storage. The storageState option can be set in project configuration as above, or supplied when creating a context yourself. See Playwright test configuration options.
Choose viewport or full-page capture
await page.screenshot({ path: 'signed-in.png' })saves what is currently visible in the viewport.await page.screenshot({ path: 'signed-in-full.png', fullPage: true })captures the full scrollable page.
Use viewport capture when the screenshot should represent a user’s current screen. Use full-page capture for a long account page, report, or dashboard that must be inspected as one artifact. The Page screenshot API also documents image type, scale, animation handling, clipping, and masking options: Page.screenshot().
Authentication cases that need extra handling
Expired state
Authentication state can expire or be invalidated by the application. When the protected route redirects to sign-in or the expected account control does not appear, rerun the setup project to authenticate and write fresh state. Avoid relying on a fixed state file indefinitely.
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Session-storage-based login
Playwright’s ordinary storage-state mechanism does not persist session storage. If the application stores authentication there, the saved state alone will not restore it. Follow Playwright’s documented pattern to capture session storage from an authenticated page and restore it with an initialization script scoped to the application’s domain: Session storage guidance.
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If the application supports a suitable login API, an API request context can be more convenient than automating the login UI. Playwright documents saving the resulting request context state for use by browser tests in its authentication guide.
Multiple roles and parallel workers
For two roles in one test, create separate browser contexts using separate storage-state files. If parallel tests mutate shared server-side data, use separate accounts and authentication state per worker; otherwise tests can interfere with one another. A shared account is better suited to tests that do not change shared state.
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Version-specific browser-context capabilities
BrowserContext options have been added in particular Playwright releases, including IndexedDB snapshot support and virtual WebAuthn credentials. Check the API documentation and your installed Playwright version before depending on those features; they are not substitutes for confirming that the application’s actual authentication mechanism is supported. See BrowserContext API and Virtual WebAuthn credentials.
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For a one-off image, page.screenshot() writes an artifact. For a regression check, Playwright Test’s toHaveScreenshot() assertion waits until consecutive screenshots match before comparing the result with its saved expectation. Screenshot assertions are part of the Playwright test runner: Visual comparisons.
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Rendering can vary with the operating system, browser version, settings, hardware, power source, and headless mode. Keep the comparison environment consistent where practical, and update reference images deliberately when a visual change is intended. Playwright discusses these sources of screenshot variation in its snapshot guidance: Visual comparison guidance.
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Troubleshoot blank, signed-out, or incomplete screenshots
- The page shows a login screen: the state may be expired, not saved after the login redirects, or not loaded into the context that created the page. Rerun setup, check the state path, and confirm the test project uses that file.
- The URL is right but content is missing: add a site-specific readiness assertion for a stable account control or protected-page element. A navigation event by itself may finish before client rendering or data loading.
- The screenshot is only the visible portion: add
fullPage: trueif the full scrollable page is required. - Login works manually but not in the test: check whether the application depends on session storage or a particular authentication flow; standard storage state does not preserve session storage.
- Parallel tests produce inconsistent account data: avoid shared mutable accounts; use separate accounts and state per worker where the tests change server-side state.
- Visual snapshots differ across runs or machines: standardize the browser and host environment as much as possible, and review intended changes before updating snapshots.
- A state file appears in a repository change: remove it from version control and ensure its directory is ignored. Treat exposed state as compromised credentials and invalidate the session through the application’s available account controls.
Or skip the browser setup
If you need a screenshot of a public page rather than a page that requires your signed-in session, ScreenshotNeo can capture it with one GET request. It does not replace Playwright’s authenticated browser context for protected pages.
For example, with an API key and a public target URL:
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does Playwright’s saved authentication state include session storage?
No. Session storage needs to be captured and restored separately when the application relies on it.
Can I capture two signed-in roles in one test?
Yes. Use separate browser contexts and a different storage-state file for each role.
Why do visual screenshots differ across machines?
Rendering can vary with the operating system, browser version, settings, hardware, power source, and headless mode.
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