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To capture a mobile website with Selenium, start ChromeDriver with Chrome’s mobileEmulation option, open the page, wait for the content you need, and save a WebDriver screenshot. Choose a ChromeDriver-recognized device profile or set the viewport metrics yourself. This is useful for repeatable responsive-layout checks, but it does not reproduce every behavior of a real phone.
Choose a mobile emulation profile
ChromeDriver supports two ways to configure mobile emulation. Configure it before creating the WebDriver session.
| Approach | When it fits | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Predefined device name | You want a quick setup using a profile ChromeDriver recognizes. | The available names vary with the Chrome and ChromeDriver versions. An unknown name can produce an invalid-device error. |
| Custom device metrics | You need a precise viewport or a profile not available by name. | You must choose and record the metrics and any additional mobile behavior you need. |
ChromeDriver’s guide documents screen width, height, and pixelRatio for custom metrics. It also covers mobile and touch behavior, and optional clientHints and userAgent values. Client hints can affect platform identification and whether a site requests mobile or desktop resources. See the ChromeDriver mobile emulation guide for the supported configuration and version-specific device list.
Do not assume a legacy user-agent string is enough to establish client hints: ChromeDriver warns that inferring hints from that string is unreliable because its format is ambiguous. Use the API for the Selenium binding and release in your project; method names and signatures differ between bindings. The Selenium JavaScript Chromium options reference describes setMobileEmulation with either a device name or custom metrics, and says passing null disables emulation: Selenium Chromium Options API.
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Capture a mobile screenshot with Selenium in Python
This runnable example uses a custom viewport so it does not depend on a named device being present in the active ChromeDriver device list. Install Selenium with python -m pip install selenium and ensure a compatible Chrome browser and ChromeDriver are available. Replace the URL and viewport values with the ones you intend to test.
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
url = "https://example.com"
options = Options()
options.add_experimental_option(
"mobileEmulation",
{
"deviceMetrics": {
"width": 390,
"height": 844,
"pixelRatio": 3.0,
},
"mobile": True,
"touch": True,
},
)
# Selenium Manager or your environment must be able to locate a compatible
# ChromeDriver installation.
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
try:
driver.get(url)
# Prefer a page-specific readiness condition where possible. This example
# waits for document readiness, not for every client-rendered component.
WebDriverWait(driver, 20).until(
lambda d: d.execute_script("return document.readyState") == "complete"
)
driver.save_screenshot("mobile-viewport.png")
finally:
driver.quit()The example saves a screenshot through Selenium’s WebDriver API. Screenshot behavior, especially full-page capture, can vary by binding and driver; check the documentation for the binding version you use before treating its output as a full-page image. For a page-specific test, replace the generic readiness condition with a wait for the selector or state that proves the content under test is present.
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Use a recognized device profile instead
If you want ChromeDriver’s predefined profile, replace the custom add_experimental_option call with the device name supported by your installed ChromeDriver/Chrome combination:
options.add_experimental_option(
"mobileEmulation",
{"deviceName": "<recognized-device-name>"},
)Use a name from the device list for the version you run; do not copy a profile name from a different installation without checking it. If configuration fails with an invalid device name, switch to custom metrics or use a recognized name.
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Make the capture repeatable
- Choose and record the profile. Note the device name or the width, height, pixel ratio, and any mobile or touch settings. Record relevant client hints or user-agent configuration too.
- Configure before starting ChromeDriver. Add the mobile-emulation capability to Chrome options before creating the driver session.
- Navigate and wait for the state you need. A generic page-load event may occur before a client-rendered component appears. Wait for a page-specific selector, text, or other reliable condition.
- Save the screenshot and its test context. Alongside the image, record the browser, ChromeDriver, Selenium binding and version, viewport settings, target URL, and relevant page state.
- Use a physical device when the test depends on hardware. Emulation does not establish how every real phone will render or behave.
Selenium’s binding-level screenshot API is the straightforward capture path. For Chrome-specific lower-level control, the Chrome DevTools Protocol Page domain documents Page.captureScreenshot, as well as commands to override and clear device metrics. Its tot documentation is live, so verify the protocol available to the Chrome version you use: Chrome DevTools Protocol Page domain.
Understand what emulation can and cannot test
ChromeDriver describes desktop mobile emulation as useful but not a perfect substitute for testing on a device. It identifies differences that include mobile GPU behavior, mobile browser UI and its effect on page height, disambiguation popups for nearby touch targets, and hardware APIs such as some orientation events. Emulation is appropriate for repeatable responsive-layout checks and screenshot automation; validate on actual hardware when those device characteristics matter.
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Setting a viewport does not make a desktop browser identical to a phone, and a screenshot at one size cannot prove that a site works across devices. Selenium describes WebDriver BiDi as its standards-based direction for bidirectional browser communication, while noting that its CDP functionality is limited and temporary as BiDi support is implemented. The mobile emulation and screenshot operations described here are documented through ChromeDriver and CDP; do not assume every binding offers portable BiDi equivalents for these exact commands. See Selenium WebDriver BiDi.
Troubleshoot common problems
- Invalid device name: The selected name is not recognized by the active ChromeDriver/Chrome device list. Check the list for that version or change to custom device metrics.
- The page looks desktop-sized: Confirm
mobileEmulationwas set on Chrome options before the driver session started. Check the configured width and height, and whether the profile’s mobile behavior and client hints fit the site’s responsive logic. - Expected content is missing from the image: The page may not have finished rendering that content when the screenshot was taken. Wait for a specific selector or application state rather than relying only on a generic page-load event.
- The screenshot is only the visible viewport: Check the screenshot semantics supported by your Selenium binding and driver. Do not assume the WebDriver screenshot API produces a full-page capture; use a documented Chrome-specific approach if you need lower-level control.
- The screenshot differs from a phone: Check whether the difference involves browser UI, touch behavior, GPU rendering, or a hardware API. Those are reasons to validate on a physical device, not necessarily signs that the viewport configuration failed.
- Results change between runs: Keep browser, ChromeDriver, Selenium version, profile metrics, target page state, and wait condition consistent, and include them with the saved artifact.
Or skip the browser setup
ScreenshotNeo provides a website screenshot API and MCP server. A single GET request can return a screenshot or PDF; for this example, the API returns a WebP screenshot. It is an alternative when you want a screenshot without managing a Selenium browser session, but it is not a substitute for testing behavior that requires a real phone.
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Install the Python dependency with python -m pip install requests, then use this example with your API key and target URL. See the ScreenshotNeo API documentation for request options.
import requests
r = requests.get("https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot", params={"access_key": "YOUR_API_KEY", "url": "https://example.com"}, timeout=90)
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