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For a conventional full-page screenshot, use Puppeteer’s page.screenshot({ fullPage: true }). Reach for Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP) directly when you need to specify a precise clip or set protocol-level capture options. These are related but distinct controls: fullPage is Puppeteer’s high-level full-page request, clip selects a rectangle, and captureBeyondViewport controls capture beyond the visible viewport.
Capture a full page with Puppeteer
Puppeteer’s documented page-capture entry point is Page.screenshot(). Set fullPage: true to request the full page:
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import puppeteer from 'puppeteer';
const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
try {
const page = await browser.newPage();
await page.goto('https://example.com', { waitUntil: 'networkidle2' });
await page.screenshot({ path: 'full-page.png', fullPage: true });
} finally {
await browser.close();
}Save this as an ES module, for example capture.mjs, in a project where Puppeteer is installed, then run node capture.mjs. The output path is relative to the working directory. The example uses networkidle2, a wait condition shown in Puppeteer’s guide; it is not a guarantee that lazy images or every asynchronously changing element has finished rendering.
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Use CDP when you need a clip or protocol-level control
Puppeteer can create a Chrome DevTools Protocol session attached to a page. Send Page.captureScreenshot through that session when you want to set the protocol’s options explicitly:
const client = await page.createCDPSession();
const { data } = await client.send('Page.captureScreenshot', {
format: 'png',
captureBeyondViewport: true,
// Optional clip, in device-independent pixels:
// clip: { x: 0, y: 0, width: 1280, height: 2400, scale: 1 },
});
// CDP returns the image as a base64-encoded string.
const image = Buffer.from(data, 'base64');
await import('node:fs/promises').then(({ writeFile }) =>
writeFile('cdp-shot.png', image)
);This snippet assumes page is an already-created Puppeteer page and the page has been navigated and prepared for capture. The returned data is base64-encoded image data; decoding it produces the PNG bytes written to disk.
What the clip coordinates mean
A CDP clip has x, y, width, height, and scale values. The protocol defines the rectangle in device-independent pixels. Set those coordinates to the region you actually want; a clip is not automatically a request for the entire document height. For example, the sample rectangle begins at the top-left coordinate and requests a 1280-by-2400 DIP region at scale 1.
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Available CDP capture controls
formatselectsjpeg,png, orwebp.qualitycontrols JPEG quality.cliprequests a specific rectangular region.captureBeyondViewportcontrols whether capture can include content beyond the viewport. CDP documents its default asfalse; set it explicitly when that behavior matters.fromSurfaceandoptimizeForSpeedprovide further protocol-level controls.
Direct CDP returns base64 data rather than writing a file for you, so decode and save it in your application. It is Chrome-specific in this context; check the protocol supported by the browser and version you deploy.
Choose between Puppeteer and direct CDP
| Approach | Use it when | Controls | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
Puppeteer Page.screenshot() |
You need a conventional full-page or element screenshot. | fullPage, clip, output path, and format options. |
Less protocol plumbing; Puppeteer handles the higher-level screenshot call. |
CDP Page.captureScreenshot through CDPSession |
You need explicit protocol settings or a custom clip. | captureBeyondViewport, clip, format, quality, surface, and speed options. |
More direct control, with closer dependence on CDP details and target Chrome support. |
For a specific DOM element rather than a full document, use Puppeteer’s ElementHandle.screenshot(). It scrolls the element into view if needed and then uses the page screenshot mechanism; it is not a substitute for capturing the entire page.
Prepare the page before capture
A full-page option describes the requested screenshot, not whether all page content is ready. Pages may load images only as they approach the viewport, append content during scrolling, animate, or update after navigation. Before capture:
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- Trigger the page’s own loading behavior for content below the fold, such as scrolling through relevant sections when appropriate.
- Wait for the specific content you need, and verify it is present before taking the screenshot.
- If the page changes while capture is running, the image may reflect that change. Freezing animations, loading offscreen assets, or stitching multiple viewport captures are optional approaches that need testing for your page and browser.
Neither the Puppeteer options nor the CDP clip definition establishes that every page can be captured in one image at unlimited height. Large or unusual documents may need a different capture strategy, and behavior should be checked against the Chrome version in use.
Troubleshoot common capture problems
- The image stops at the viewport: For Puppeteer, confirm you used
fullPage: trueand are callingpage.screenshot(). For raw CDP, setcaptureBeyondViewport: trueexplicitly if the capture needs to extend past the viewport. - The crop is wrong or empty: Recheck the clip’s
x,y,width,height, andscale. These are region coordinates in device-independent pixels, not an automatic full-document measurement. - Images or sections are missing: The navigation wait condition may have resolved before lazy or asynchronous content appeared. Trigger the page’s loading behavior and wait for the target content, then confirm it is present before capture.
- The CDP command is rejected or behaves differently: Confirm that the browser target supports the command and options you are sending. The CDP “tot” reference changes over time, so verify against documentation for the Chrome release you run.
- The output file is not a usable image: With direct CDP, decode the returned base64
databefore saving it. The Puppeteer example instead writes the screenshot to the suppliedpath.
Or skip the browser setup
If you need a screenshot API rather than managing a browser, ScreenshotNeo returns a screenshot or PDF from one GET request. Its options include full-page capture with lazy images loaded, selector-based element capture, and custom viewport settings. For this Puppeteer/CDP task, it offers a hosted alternative; it does not change how the browser APIs work.
For example, save this as shot.webp using your API key and a target URL:
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Version and compatibility notes
The Puppeteer documentation consulted identifies version 25.12.0. The CDP protocol reference at Page.captureScreenshot is a moving “tot” reference, not a guarantee for every deployed Chrome release. Check the documentation for your installed Puppeteer and target browser before relying on option names, defaults, or compatibility details.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use Puppeteer’s full-page option and a clip together?
The APIs expose both options, but their interaction should be checked for the Puppeteer and Chrome versions you run; use one capture mode that clearly matches the region you need.
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Does a full-page screenshot include content on an infinite-scroll page?
Not necessarily. Content that has not been loaded or rendered before capture may be absent; trigger the page’s loading behavior and verify the required content first.
Is CDP’s “tot” documentation version-specific?
No. It is a moving protocol reference, so compare it with the protocol supported by your deployed Chrome version.
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