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How to Capture a Full-Page Selenium Screenshot in Headless Firefox

Use Firefox’s Selenium-specific save_full_page_screenshot() method to capture a full document as a PNG in headless mode.
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Use Selenium Python’s Firefox-specific save_full_page_screenshot() method after navigating to the page. Unlike save_screenshot(), which captures the current window, it saves the full document to a PNG file. Add Firefox’s --headless option to run without a visible browser window.

Capture the full document with Selenium and Firefox

This Python example follows Selenium’s documented Firefox API. It checks whether Selenium reports that the PNG was saved and always closes the browser, including if navigation or capture raises an error.

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from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options

options = Options()
options.add_argument("--headless")

driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=options)
try:
    driver.get("https://example.com")
    saved = driver.save_full_page_screenshot("full_page.png")
    if not saved:
        raise OSError("Could not write screenshot")
finally:
    driver.quit()

Replace https://example.com with the target page. The filename should end in .png; use an absolute path if you are unsure which working directory the process uses, and ensure that directory is writable. Selenium’s API documents this method as saving a full-document screenshot of the current window to a PNG file and returning True on success or False for an I/O error. See the Selenium Firefox WebDriver API.

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Why the Firefox full-page method matters

driver.save_screenshot("page.png") captures the current window, not necessarily the content below the viewport. For the full document in Firefox, call driver.save_full_page_screenshot("page.png"). Mozilla’s screenshot documentation likewise distinguishes a full-page capture from the currently visible area: Firefox Web Console helpers.

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The full-page method is specific to Selenium’s Firefox driver. Selenium uses GeckoDriver to control Firefox; Mozilla describes geckodriver as the WebDriver-compatible proxy for Gecko browsers. See Mozilla’s geckodriver documentation.

Choose how Selenium returns the screenshot

Use the file method when Selenium should write the PNG directly. The Firefox driver also documents alternatives if your application needs to manage the output itself:

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  • get_full_page_screenshot_as_file(filename) saves the full-page PNG to a file.
  • get_full_page_screenshot_as_png() returns PNG bytes, useful when you need to pass image data to another library or storage layer.
  • get_full_page_screenshot_as_base64() returns a base64-encoded string, useful when the consuming interface expects that representation.

Consult the Firefox WebDriver API for method details and return types.

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Wait for the page content you need

A screenshot captures the document as it exists when you call the method. If the page fills in content asynchronously, wait for the relevant element or state before capturing. Do not assume that a screenshot call will cause application-specific lazy-loaded content to appear: some pages load images or sections only after scrolling or interaction.

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For those pages, perform the required interaction or scrolling first, then capture. Choose a readiness condition based on the content you need rather than relying on a fixed delay as a guarantee.

Troubleshoot common failures

  • The file is missing or the method returns False: Use a .png filename, check that the destination directory exists and is writable, and try an absolute path. The documented Boolean result indicates whether the file was written.
  • Firefox or GeckoDriver will not start: Check that Firefox and geckodriver are installed and that the driver can locate the browser binary. Mozilla notes that Linux container and Snap packaging can cause path mismatches. Review the geckodriver setup documentation for platform-specific setup details.
  • There are compatibility errors: Check the installed Selenium, Firefox, and geckodriver versions against Mozilla’s current geckodriver support information. Mozilla’s support guidance says Selenium users need version 3.11 or later for geckodriver; version pairings and platform details can change.
  • The screenshot is missing content: Confirm that the needed content appeared before capture. For lazy-loaded areas, scroll or interact as the site requires, then take the screenshot.
  • You only see the visible window: Check that you called save_full_page_screenshot() on the Firefox driver rather than save_screenshot().

Or skip the browser setup

ScreenshotNeo offers a screenshot API and MCP server for developers. A GET request with a URL returns a screenshot or PDF; its API documentation is at ScreenshotNeo docs.

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curl -G "https://api.screenshotneo.com/v1/shot" -d access_key=YOUR_API_KEY --data-urlencode url=https://example.com -o shot.webp

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I save a Firefox full-page screenshot as JPEG with this Selenium method?

The documented Firefox full-page save methods produce PNG output. Convert the resulting PNG separately if you need another image format.

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Does headless mode change the full-page screenshot method?

No. The example enables headless Firefox at launch; the full-page capture is performed by the Firefox driver’s screenshot method.

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