Build the API in four layers: a GraphQL schema that defines the public contract, Apollo Server that executes operations, resolvers that validate and translate those operations, and the official MongoDB Node.js driver that performs database work. Connect one MongoClient when the process starts, pass collections through resolver context, and deploy with secrets, TLS, authentication, network restrictions, and limits on expensive queries. The walkthrough below creates a CRUD API and shows both Apollo’s standalone HTTP server and an Express integration.
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What you are building
GraphQL lets a client request exactly the fields it needs through a typed contract. The GraphQL September 2025 specification describes it as “a query language and execution engine for describing and performing the capabilities and requirements of data models for client-server applications.” A service’s type system is itself queryable, so clients can discover valid fields and arguments when your access policy permits introspection.
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The example uses a Record resource. It supports:
record(id: ID!)to read one document.records(limit: Int, after: String)to read a bounded page.createRecord(input: RecordInput!)to insert a document.updateRecord(id: ID!, input: RecordInput!)to update selected fields.deleteRecord(id: ID!)to remove a document and report whether it existed.
Replace the fields with your domain model, but keep the same boundary: schema validation at the GraphQL layer, argument and authorization checks in resolvers, and database operations behind those resolvers.
Choose versions and create the project
Pin versions instead of copying an unqualified tutorial baseline. The MongoDB Node.js quick start states Node.js 16.20.1 or later for that tutorial, while Apollo’s MERN tutorial assumes Node.js 20 or later. Pick a currently supported Node.js release for your production platform, record it in your deployment configuration, and commit a lockfile. Do the same for Apollo Server, GraphQL, and the MongoDB driver so a future install cannot silently change runtime behavior.
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Create an application and install the minimal standalone stack:
mkdir graphql-mongodb-api
cd graphql-mongodb-api
npm init -y
npm pkg set type=module
npm install @apollo/server graphql mongodb
npm install --save-dev nodemonAdd a development script to package.json:
{
'scripts': {
'dev': 'nodemon src/server.js',
'start': 'node src/server.js'
}
}Keep secrets out of this file and out of source control. In production, inject MONGODB_URI and MONGODB_DB through your platform’s secret manager. A local .env file is convenient for development, but it must be ignored by Git and never copied into a container image.
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The schema is the client-visible contract. Nullability is significant: ID! means callers must supply an ID, while String permits a null value. Make fields non-null only when your application can guarantee a value for every returned object.
export const typeDefs = `#graphql
type Record {
id: ID!
title: String!
description: String
createdAt: String!
updatedAt: String!
}
input RecordInput {
title: String!
description: String
}
type DeleteResult {
deleted: Boolean!
}
type Query {
record(id: ID!): Record
records(limit: Int = 20, after: String): [Record!]!
}
type Mutation {
createRecord(input: RecordInput!): Record!
updateRecord(id: ID!, input: RecordInput!): Record
deleteRecord(id: ID!): DeleteResult!
}
`;Do not expose MongoDB collection names, arbitrary filter documents, or unrestricted sort expressions as GraphQL arguments. Explicit fields let you validate input, preserve indexes, and change storage details without breaking clients.
Connect to MongoDB once with the official driver
MongoDB Atlas commonly supplies an SRV connection string, while a local standalone server normally uses a URI such as mongodb://localhost:27017. Create one MongoClient during application startup and reuse its pool for every resolver. Creating a client for each field or request causes needless handshakes and can exhaust database connections.
import { MongoClient, ServerApiVersion } from 'mongodb';
const uri = process.env.MONGODB_URI;
if (!uri) throw new Error('MONGODB_URI is required');
export const client = new MongoClient(uri, {
serverApi: {
version: ServerApiVersion.v1,
strict: true,
deprecationErrors: true
}
});
export async function connectDatabase() {
await client.connect();
await client.db('admin').command({ ping: 1 });
const db = client.db(process.env.MONGODB_DB || 'graphql_app');
return {
db,
records: db.collection('records')
};
}The Stable API options request version 1 behavior, reject unsupported API usage, and surface deprecations. The ping command verifies reachability at startup rather than allowing the first user request to discover a broken connection.
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Create a unique index once during provisioning (or in a migration) if your business rule requires unique titles:
await records.createIndex({ title: 1 }, { unique: true });Do not run index creation on every request. If the application has multiple replicas, run schema and index migrations as a separate deployment step or make startup initialization idempotent.
Implement resolvers as the data boundary
Resolvers receive the parent object, field arguments, context, and GraphQL execution information. Use them to validate IDs and limits, enforce authorization, build a constrained MongoDB operation, and map the result back to the schema. The client should never be able to choose a collection, inject a raw filter, or request an unbounded result set.
import { GraphQLError } from 'graphql';
import { ObjectId } from 'mongodb';
function toObjectId(value) {
if (!ObjectId.isValid(value)) {
throw new GraphQLError('Invalid record id', {
extensions: { code: 'BAD_USER_INPUT' }
});
}
return new ObjectId(value);
}
function toRecord(document) {
if (!document) return null;
return {
id: document._id.toHexString(),
title: document.title,
description: document.description ?? null,
createdAt: document.createdAt.toISOString(),
updatedAt: document.updatedAt.toISOString()
};
}
export const resolvers = {
Query: {
async record(_, { id }, { records, user }) {
if (!user) throw new GraphQLError('Authentication required', {
extensions: { code: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }
});
const document = await records.findOne({ _id: toObjectId(id) });
return toRecord(document);
},
async records(_, { limit = 20, after }, { records, user }) {
if (!user) throw new GraphQLError('Authentication required', {
extensions: { code: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }
});
const safeLimit = Math.min(Math.max(limit, 1), 100);
const filter = {};
if (after) filter._id = { $gt: toObjectId(after) };
const documents = await records
.find(filter)
.sort({ _id: 1 })
.limit(safeLimit)
.toArray();
return documents.map(toRecord);
}
},
Mutation: {
async createRecord(_, { input }, { records, user }) {
if (!user) throw new GraphQLError('Authentication required', {
extensions: { code: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }
});
const title = input.title.trim();
if (!title) throw new GraphQLError('Title cannot be empty', {
extensions: { code: 'BAD_USER_INPUT' }
});
const now = new Date();
const document = {
title,
description: input.description?.trim() || null,
createdAt: now,
updatedAt: now
};
try {
const result = await records.insertOne(document);
return toRecord({ ...document, _id: result.insertedId });
} catch (error) {
if (error.code === 11000) {
throw new GraphQLError('A record with that title already exists', {
extensions: { code: 'CONFLICT' }
});
}
throw error;
}
},
async updateRecord(_, { id, input }, { records, user }) {
if (!user) throw new GraphQLError('Authentication required', {
extensions: { code: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }
});
const changes = { updatedAt: new Date() };
if (input.title !== undefined) {
changes.title = input.title.trim();
if (!changes.title) throw new GraphQLError('Title cannot be empty', {
extensions: { code: 'BAD_USER_INPUT' }
});
}
if (input.description !== undefined) {
changes.description = input.description?.trim() || null;
}
const result = await records.findOneAndUpdate(
{ _id: toObjectId(id) },
{ $set: changes },
{ returnDocument: 'after' }
);
return toRecord(result);
},
async deleteRecord(_, { id }, { records, user }) {
if (!user) throw new GraphQLError('Authentication required', {
extensions: { code: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }
});
const result = await records.deleteOne({ _id: toObjectId(id) });
return { deleted: result.deletedCount === 1 };
}
}
};The exact authorization rule will differ by application. A resolver can check a user ID from context, a role, or ownership fields in the MongoDB filter. Keep that check next to the operation so a new query or mutation cannot accidentally bypass it. Return predictable GraphQL error codes for malformed IDs, missing authentication, duplicate keys, and validation failures; log unexpected database errors on the server without exposing stack traces to clients.
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Run Apollo Server as a standalone HTTP service
Apollo Server is an open-source, specification-compliant GraphQL server for Node.js. Its standalone helper is appropriate when GraphQL is the service’s only HTTP endpoint and you do not need an existing middleware stack.
import { ApolloServer } from '@apollo/server';
import { startStandaloneServer } from '@apollo/server/standalone';
import { typeDefs } from './schema.js';
import { resolvers } from './resolvers.js';
import { client, connectDatabase } from './db.js';
const resources = await connectDatabase();
const server = new ApolloServer({ typeDefs, resolvers });
const { url } = await startStandaloneServer(server, {
listen: { port: Number(process.env.PORT || 4000) },
context: async ({ req }) => {
const token = req.headers.authorization?.replace(/^Bearer /, '');
const user = token ? await verifyToken(token) : null;
return { ...resources, user };
}
});
console.log(`GraphQL server ready at ${url}`);
async function shutdown(signal) {
console.log(`${signal}: shutting down`);
await client.close();
process.exit(0);
}
process.on('SIGINT', () => shutdown('SIGINT'));
process.on('SIGTERM', () => shutdown('SIGTERM'));
async function verifyToken(token) {
// Replace with your identity provider's verification code.
return token ? { id: token } : null;
}Do not use the placeholder token function in production. Verify signatures, issuer, audience, expiry, and required claims with your identity provider, then put only the verified principal in context.
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Use Express when you need middleware or HTTP control
Choose Express when the application already has routes, request logging, custom CORS policy, rate limiting, or other middleware. Install the Express 5 integration:
npm install express cors @as-integrations/express5Apollo’s Express integration requires the server to start before it accepts traffic. The drain plugin lets Apollo finish in-flight work when the HTTP server closes.
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import http from 'node:http';
import express from 'express';
import cors from 'cors';
import { ApolloServer } from '@apollo/server';
import { expressMiddleware } from '@as-integrations/express5';
import { ApolloServerPluginDrainHttpServer } from '@apollo/server/plugin/drainHttpServer';
import { typeDefs } from './schema.js';
import { resolvers } from './resolvers.js';
import { client, connectDatabase } from './db.js';
const resources = await connectDatabase();
const app = express();
const httpServer = http.createServer(app);
const server = new ApolloServer({
typeDefs,
resolvers,
plugins: [ApolloServerPluginDrainHttpServer({ httpServer })]
});
await server.start();
app.use('/graphql', cors({ origin: process.env.CORS_ORIGIN }), express.json(),
expressMiddleware(server, {
context: async ({ req }) => {
const token = req.headers.authorization?.replace(/^Bearer /, '');
const user = token ? await verifyToken(token) : null;
return { ...resources, user };
}
})
);
app.get('/healthz', (_req, res) => res.status(200).json({ ok: true }));
app.get('/readyz', async (_req, res) => {
try {
await resources.db.command({ ping: 1 });
res.status(200).json({ ok: true });
} catch {
res.status(503).json({ ok: false });
}
});
const port = Number(process.env.PORT || 4000);
httpServer.listen(port, () => console.log(`Listening on ${port}`));
async function shutdown() {
await new Promise(resolve => httpServer.close(resolve));
await client.close();
process.exit(0);
}
process.on('SIGTERM', shutdown);
process.on('SIGINT', shutdown);
async function verifyToken(token) {
return token ? { id: token } : null;
}Place body parsing and CORS before expressMiddleware. Restrict CORS_ORIGIN to known front-end origins rather than allowing every origin in production. The standalone helper is shorter; Express adds operational flexibility at the cost of another integration layer.
Test the API before deployment
Start the service with your URI and database name:
MONGODB_URI='mongodb://localhost:27017' MONGODB_DB='graphql_app' npm run devSend a mutation with a GraphQL client or curl:
curl http://localhost:4000/graphql
-H 'content-type: application/json'
-H 'authorization: Bearer development-token'
--data-binary '{"query":"mutation { createRecord(input: { title: "First record", description: "Example" }) { id title createdAt } }"}'Then query a bounded list:
curl http://localhost:4000/graphql
-H 'content-type: application/json'
-H 'authorization: Bearer development-token'
--data-binary '{"query":"query { records(limit: 20) { id title description updatedAt } }"}'Check three failure paths deliberately: an invalid ObjectId should return a BAD_USER_INPUT error, a request without a bearer token should return UNAUTHENTICATED, and a duplicate title should return CONFLICT when the unique index exists. These checks confirm that validation and authorization happen before data is exposed.
Pagination, projections, and query-cost safeguards
A field returning an array must have a limit. The resolver above clamps the requested page to 100 and uses the MongoDB _id as a cursor. For high-write collections, use a stable compound cursor such as createdAt plus _id and an index matching the sort. Return a connection object with nodes and pageInfo when clients need an explicit hasNextPage value.
Select only fields required by the resolver instead of returning large documents:
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const documents = await records.find(filter, {
projection: { title: 1, description: 1, createdAt: 1, updatedAt: 1 }
}).limit(safeLimit).toArray();GraphQL lets a client nest fields deeply and request the same field repeatedly. Set controls appropriate to your threat model: maximum request body size, execution-time limits, query depth, field or query cost, and rate limits. Reject or authenticate expensive administrative operations. Disable or restrict introspection and the GraphQL IDE in production when your access policy does not permit schema discovery. Apollo’s API documentation describes startup behavior and execution controls; enforce equivalent limits in the HTTP layer or a GraphQL validation plugin.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Deploy with secrets, TLS, and network controls
Whether you use Atlas, MongoDB Enterprise, or MongoDB Community, production operation depends on the same boundaries:
- Secret management: store
MONGODB_URI, database names, signing keys, and token-verification settings in the platform secret store. Rotate credentials without committing them to source control or logging them. - TLS: use the provider’s TLS connection and HTTPS at the load balancer or application server. Validate certificates; do not disable certificate checking to work around a configuration error.
- Authentication and least privilege: create a database user limited to the required database and actions. Use a separate identity for migrations and administration.
- Network restrictions: permit connections only from application subnets, private links, or a narrowly maintained allowlist. A database that is publicly reachable with a strong password is still an avoidable risk.
- Connection reuse: initialize one client per process, monitor pool settings, and close it during graceful shutdown. Kubernetes or another orchestrator should receive a readiness failure while the database is unavailable.
- Health checks: keep a lightweight process health endpoint separate from a readiness endpoint that performs a database
ping. Do not report ready when requests cannot reach MongoDB. - Observability: log operation names, status, duration, and a correlation ID. Redact authorization headers, connection strings, personal data, and sensitive field values.
- Schema and index changes: deploy compatible schema changes first, create required indexes deliberately, and only then enable code that depends on them.
Set the process to listen on the platform-provided PORT, terminate TLS at a trusted proxy or configure it in the application, and ensure the proxy forwards the original protocol and client identity headers safely. Never trust arbitrary forwarded headers from the public internet.
Standalone Apollo, Express, Atlas, and self-managed MongoDB
| Choice | Best fit | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Apollo standalone | A service whose primary endpoint is GraphQL | Fastest setup, but fewer hooks for existing routes and middleware |
| Apollo with Express | Applications that need custom middleware, REST routes, CORS policy, or HTTP instrumentation | More configuration and a separate HTTP server lifecycle |
| MongoDB Atlas | Teams wanting a managed deployment, provider networking, backups, and scaling controls | Provider-specific network and pricing decisions; credentials and allowlists still require configuration |
| MongoDB Enterprise or Community | Organizations operating their own infrastructure or requiring deployment control | You own capacity planning, upgrades, backups, TLS, monitoring, and incident response |
The official MongoDB quick start demonstrates Atlas, while the driver documentation also covers Atlas, Enterprise, and Community targets. Select based on operational ownership, compliance, network topology, recovery objectives, and budget rather than changing resolver code.
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Native driver or an ODM?
| Approach | Advantages | Costs and cautions |
|---|---|---|
| Official MongoDB driver | Direct access to indexes, aggregation, transactions, projections, and current driver options; fewer abstractions between resolver and database | You must define validation, mapping, timestamps, and repository conventions yourself |
| ODM | Model declarations, lifecycle hooks, casting, and convenience validation | Additional abstraction, version compatibility work, and occasional loss of direct query control |
GraphQL already supplies a public type contract, so the native driver is a clear choice for a small or performance-sensitive API. An ODM can be reasonable when a large team benefits from shared model conventions. Whichever you choose, keep it behind resolver or repository functions so changing persistence does not change the GraphQL contract.
Common failures and recovery
Startup fails with a connection error
Check that MONGODB_URI is present, the hostname and credentials are correct, the deployment allows the application’s source IP or private network, and TLS requirements match the URI. Run the startup ping from the same runtime environment, not only from a developer laptop. Do not “fix” a certificate error by disabling TLS validation.
Every request opens a new connection
Move new MongoClient to module or process initialization and pass the resulting collections through context. A resolver should call find, insertOne, or another operation on that shared collection, not construct a client.
Queries return null unexpectedly
Confirm that the schema marks the field nullable when a document may not exist. Validate the ID before constructing ObjectId, and distinguish a missing document from a database exception. For an update, return null when no document matched unless the schema promises a non-null result and your application converts that condition into a controlled error.
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Inspect the index definitions and the normalized values used by the resolver. Catch MongoDB error code 11000 and return a conflict-style GraphQL error. If an index was added manually in one environment, add it to a repeatable migration so every replica and environment has the same constraint.
The API is slow or can be exhausted by one query
Look for missing indexes, unbounded list fields, large projections, deep fragments, and resolver waterfalls. Add indexes that match real filters and sorts, cap limits, use projections, batch repeated lookups where appropriate, and enforce depth, cost, execution-time, body-size, and rate limits. Measure operation latency and database timings before choosing a higher connection pool size.
Production checklist
- Node.js, Apollo Server, GraphQL, and MongoDB driver versions are pinned and tested together.
- The schema defines deliberate nullability, bounded lists, and explicit inputs.
- One shared
MongoClientis created at startup and closed onSIGTERMandSIGINT. - Credentials and signing keys come from a secret manager, not source control.
- TLS, database authentication, least-privilege users, and restricted network access are enabled.
- Resolvers validate IDs and input, enforce authorization, catch duplicate keys, and avoid raw collection or filter arguments.
- Indexes support every production filter and sort, and index creation is handled deliberately.
- List limits, pagination, projections, request-size limits, depth or cost controls, execution timeouts, and rate limits are configured.
- Introspection and IDE access follow the environment’s access policy.
- Health and readiness endpoints, graceful shutdown, structured logs, and redaction are tested.
- Backups, restore testing, monitoring, and an incident owner exist for the selected MongoDB deployment model.
Result
A deployable Node.js and MongoDB GraphQL service is not just an Apollo endpoint connected to a collection. The durable design is a typed schema, resolvers that form a validation and authorization boundary, one reused driver client, bounded database operations, and an operations layer that protects secrets, connections, and query execution. Start with standalone Apollo for a focused service; use Express when middleware and HTTP control justify the extra setup. The same schema and resolver principles apply to Atlas or a self-managed MongoDB deployment.
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