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How to Build an ElevenLabs Voice Assistant with Node.js and Handle Conversations

A practical guide to building an ElevenLabs voice assistant with Node.js, from hosted ElevenAgents clients to custom LLM workflows with Speech Engine.
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Choose the architecture first: use ElevenAgents when ElevenLabs will host the agent and its conversational capabilities; use Speech Engine when your application supplies its own LLM and conversation logic. For a browser-based ElevenAgents assistant, the straightforward route is the official JavaScript client SDK, with a Node.js server issuing connection credentials for private agents. Keep the ElevenLabs API key on that server, not in browser code.

Choose between ElevenAgents and Speech Engine

These are two different ways to build a voice assistant, not interchangeable steps in one setup. ElevenAgents hosts the agent configuration and conversational capabilities. Speech Engine handles speech conversion and turn-taking while your server calls the LLM and controls the assistant’s replies.

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Decision ElevenAgents Speech Engine
Who supplies the LLM and conversation logic? ElevenLabs hosts the agent platform and associated capabilities. You supply the LLM and conversation logic.
What does your server do? For a private agent, authenticate the app user and obtain connection credentials. Receive transcript history, call your LLM, and stream response text back.
Best fit You want to connect an application to a hosted conversational agent. You want ElevenLabs speech capabilities around an existing or custom chat agent.

If you choose ElevenAgents, the official JavaScript SDK defaults voice conversations to WebRTC and text-only conversations to WebSocket; you can also select a connection type explicitly. See the JavaScript SDK documentation. The sections below keep the hosted-agent and custom-LLM workflows separate.

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Build a browser client for a hosted ElevenAgents agent

1. Create the agent and choose the client framework

Set up the agent in ElevenLabs first. The official Vite quickstart uses @elevenlabs/client; the Next.js quickstart uses @elevenlabs/react. Choose the example that matches your application rather than combining their package and setup instructions. Follow the relevant official guide: Vite quickstart or Next.js quickstart.

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2. Connect to a public or private agent

A public agent can be addressed with its agent ID using the documented conversation WebSocket endpoint: wss://api.elevenlabs.io/v1/convai/conversation?agent_id={agent_id}. For a private agent, the browser needs connection credentials issued by your server rather than direct access to your API key. The connection guide covers the signed-URL approach and the direct agent-ID flow.

3. Keep the API key on the server

Store ELEVENLABS_API_KEY in server-side configuration. Add an application route that verifies the signed-in user’s access, makes the authorized ElevenLabs request, and returns only the short-lived signed URL or conversation token needed by the client. Do not embed the API key in JavaScript sent to browsers: ElevenLabs explicitly warns, “Never expose your ElevenLabs API key on the client side.” Read the SDK guidance for private agents alongside the signed URL API reference.

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4. Reflect conversation state in the application

Use the SDK’s lifecycle callbacks to represent connection, disconnection, incoming messages, and errors. A useful application state model lets the interface show whether the assistant is connecting or connected, renders user and agent messages, and surfaces errors to the user or logs. The Next.js guide demonstrates these callbacks.

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When to use a direct Agents WebSocket

A low-level WebSocket client is an option when the application has a concrete need to control transport, audio capture, or protocol handling. For an ordinary browser integration, the official SDK is generally simpler; the direct route makes your application responsible for more protocol details.

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The documented flow connects to the conversation endpoint, initiates the conversation, sends microphone audio, processes returned events, and answers server ping events with pong according to the indicated delay. Consult the conversation API reference and WebSocket guide for the event format and lifecycle. The guide’s example audio-capture package is one implementation, not a hardware requirement.

  • Handle connection setup and conversation initiation.
  • Capture and send user audio, then process the agent’s returned messages and lifecycle events.
  • Reply to ping events with pong on the server’s timing; do not assume an idle socket stays healthy without keep-alive handling.

Use Speech Engine for a custom LLM

With Speech Engine, ElevenLabs handles speech-to-text and text-to-speech, while your Node.js application receives transcript history, calls the LLM you choose, and streams response text back. The SDK handles turn-taking and interruption behavior. Its TypeScript integration can attach to an existing Node.js HTTP server or run as a standalone WebSocket server. See the Speech Engine overview and Node.js SDK reference.

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Implement the transcript-to-response handler

In the SDK reference’s model, your onTranscript handler receives transcript messages with user and agent roles. Your server can pass the relevant history to its LLM, then send generated text back through session.sendResponse(...). Use the session’s cancellation signal where supported so a user interruption can stop an in-progress generation instead of allowing an obsolete answer to continue.

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Handle session initialization, close, disconnect, and error events in your server’s lifecycle logic. This is a server-owned conversation path: do not mix its transcript handler with the hosted ElevenAgents browser callbacks as though they were one integration.

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Security and reliability checks

  • Authenticate requests to your credential-issuing route before returning a private-agent signed URL or token.
  • Avoid indiscriminate logging of signed URLs, tokens, or transcripts; set access and retention rules appropriate to your application.
  • Make connect, disconnect, error, and interruption states observable in the interface or operational logs.
  • For direct WebSocket clients, implement the documented ping/pong behavior.
  • Do not treat the advanced multi-context WebSocket example as production-ready: ElevenLabs labels that example as not intended for production use. See the multi-context guide.

Practical build order

  1. Select the architecture: hosted ElevenAgents for a managed agent, or Speech Engine for your server’s custom LLM and conversation logic.
  2. Configure the agent or server: create the ElevenAgents agent, or prepare the Speech Engine handler and Node.js server integration.
  3. Connect the client: use the matching official Vite or Next.js SDK guide for ElevenAgents; for a private agent, have the server issue connection credentials.
  4. Wire conversation events: update the app from SDK callbacks, or handle WebSocket protocol events directly if you deliberately chose the low-level route.
  5. For Speech Engine, complete the turn handler: pass transcript history to your LLM, stream text responses, and honor cancellation on interruption.

Package names, connection defaults, and examples can change. Check the linked official documentation for the current instructions before implementing an integration.

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