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Start by mapping simulation resources and data flows
Build an inventory that follows data through the simulation lifecycle. Include inputs, outputs, intermediate datasets, model and configuration files, databases, object stores, compute jobs, APIs, and the applications or services that move or transform them. Record each resource’s owner, users, and workflow dependencies. NIST’s Zero Trust Architecture (SP 800-207) treats data sources and computing services as resources; NIST’s critical-software security measures call for establishing and maintaining a data inventory.
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For example, a simulation may use supplier capacity assumptions as input, transform them through a model, and produce scenario results for planners. Treat each of those as a distinct resource where appropriate: permission to read an input should not automatically grant access to the model configuration or the resulting output.
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Give every requester an identity and define its permitted actions
Map the identities in each workflow, including people, devices, applications, and services. A pipeline that loads source data, runs a model, and stores results should not rely on a broad shared identity or assume that a network location makes its requests trustworthy. NIST SP 800-207A extends identity-based policies to cloud-native application and service identities alongside user identities and network parameters.
For each identity and resource, specify the actions needed to complete the task. The following is an illustrative policy-design aid, not a standard NIST mapping:
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| Workflow identity | Resource | Possible allowed action | Policy question |
|---|---|---|---|
| Planner | Approved scenario results | Read | Which results does this planner need for the assigned work? |
| Simulation service | Inputs for an assigned run | Read | Can this service read only the inputs needed for that run? |
| Simulation service | Output location for that run | Write | Can it write results without changing source inputs or unrelated outputs? |
| Data steward | Managed source dataset | Modify | Who is authorized to correct or approve changes? |
Use the smallest set of permissions that lets each identity do its job. NIST SP 800-207 describes this as restricting resources to those with a need to access them and granting only the minimum privileges—such as read, write, or delete—needed for the mission. Do not let authorization to one resource imply authorization to another.
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Make each access decision specific to the resource and request
Authenticate and authorize before granting access, and evaluate the particular resource and requested action rather than treating a trusted internal network, an earlier approval, or a session as blanket permission. Policies can take resource sensitivity and the requested operation into account. A request to read an approved output, for example, is different from a request to modify a source dataset.
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Zero trust is an ongoing evaluation approach, not a one-time network redesign. NIST SP 800-207 also recognizes that access decisions need to preserve availability while minimizing authentication delay. Design the controls so required simulation workflows remain usable, and test that balance under the organization’s operating conditions.
Enforce policy where applications and services use the data
For cloud-native or multi-cloud workflows, consider application- and service-identity controls in addition to network controls. NIST SP 800-207A discusses API gateways, sidecar proxies, and application identity infrastructure such as SPIFFE as components that can support granular policies across on-premises and cloud deployments. These are architectural options, not a requirement to adopt a specific product or vendor.
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As NIST puts it in SP 800-207A, “A key paradigm shift in ZTAs is the change in focus from security controls based on segmentation and isolation using network parameters (e.g., IP addresses, subnets, perimeter) to identities.” In practice, use network segmentation as one layer where appropriate, but do not let it substitute for checking which user or service is asking to perform which action on which resource.
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Review access requests and resource use so you can identify permissions that no longer match the work being performed. Reassess policies when a person changes role, a service is replaced, a data flow is altered, or a new simulation resource is introduced. NIST SP 800-207 frames zero trust as continual evaluation; it does not set a review schedule or specify simulation-specific monitoring metrics, so establish those based on your organization’s risk and operational needs.
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Test policy changes against real workflow requirements before relying on them in production. Check that authorized jobs can read their inputs and write their outputs, that unrelated resources remain inaccessible, and that authentication and authorization do not disrupt required availability or performance.
Choose implementation approaches against your environment
NIST’s zero-trust implementation guide identifies enhanced identity governance, identity/credential/access management, microsegmentation, secure access service edge (SASE), and software-defined perimeter among possible approaches. They are not interchangeable guarantees, and the cited guidance does not rank them for simulation workloads. Compare candidate approaches against the needs below:
- Identity coverage: Can policy cover both human users and the applications or services in the simulation pipeline?
- Permission detail: Can you express access to particular resources and actions, such as reading an input or writing an output?
- Deployment coverage: Can the controls apply across the on-premises and cloud locations the workflow actually uses?
- Integration: Can the approach work with existing APIs and simulation services without creating unmanageable policy gaps?
- Operational fit: Does it preserve required availability and usability, with an operational burden your team can support?
There is no source-backed product comparison or single recommended approach for this use case. Select controls based on the inventory, identities, data sensitivity, and workflow requirements you have established.
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