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A U.S. Geological Survey study found at least one neonicotinoid in 53% of samples collected for its national-scale reconnaissance during 2011–2014. That is a historical result, not a measurement of stream conditions today. The study covered 24 states and Puerto Rico, but its national reconnaissance used single samples from 38 streams, so it was not a census of U.S. waterways.
What did the 2011–2014 USGS study find?
The 2015 USGS study reported at least one neonicotinoid in 53% of samples from the national-scale reconnaissance. It also reported detections in 63% of the 48 streams sampled across all study areas. These percentages have different denominators: the first is sample-level and limited to the national reconnaissance; the second is stream-level and combines the national and supplemental studies. They should not be treated as interchangeable estimates of national prevalence. USGS study record
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The investigation tested six compounds. Their sample-level detection frequencies in the national study were:
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|---|---|
| Imidacloprid | 37% |
| Clothianidin | 24% |
| Thiamethoxam | 21% |
| Dinotefuran | 13% |
| Acetamiprid | 3% |
| Thiacloprid | 0% |
These are the study’s reported sample detection frequencies, not the share of all U.S. streams containing each chemical. The national reconnaissance collected one sample from each of 38 streams; supplemental targeted studies examined temporal patterns and other conditions. USGS study record
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Why were the chemicals found in streams?
The study found associations between land use and concentrations: imidacloprid concentrations were positively related to the amount of urban land in a stream basin, while clothianidin and thiamethoxam concentrations were positively related to cultivated-crop land. These patterns are consistent with different routes and timing of exposure, but they do not prove that land use alone caused any particular detection. USGS study record
USGS reported that neonicotinoids occurred throughout the year in urban streams, whereas agricultural streams typically showed pulses during crop planting season. As lead author Michelle Hladik put it in the agency’s 2015 release: “In the study, neonicotinoids occurred throughout the year in urban streams while pulses of neonicotinoids were typical in agricultural streams during crop planting season.” USGS news release, August 18, 2015
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How do the national results compare with a Midwestern study?
A separate USGS study sampled nine streams in a high corn- and soybean-producing Midwestern region during the 2013 growing season. It collected 79 water samples and reported the following results. They describe that regional study only and must not be combined with the national estimates above. USGS regional study record
| Compound | Regional samples with a detection | Reported maximum concentration |
|---|---|---|
| Clothianidin | 75% | 257 ng/L |
| Thiamethoxam | 47% | 185 ng/L |
| Imidacloprid | 23% | 42.7 ng/L |
The regional percentages differ from the national study’s figures because the geography, sampling design, and period differ. The Midwestern results reflect a focused growing-season study, not a nationwide estimate. USGS regional study record
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Were the measured levels dangerous to aquatic life?
USGS said none of the concentrations measured in the national study exceeded the EPA aquatic-life criteria cited in its 2015 release. That comparison does not establish that effects are impossible, nor does the study show that the detected concentrations caused harm. The agency noted that low-level occurrence over extended periods warranted more research into potential effects on aquatic life and terrestrial animals that depend on it. USGS news release, August 18, 2015 USGS Environmental Health Program feature, August 18, 2015
Research team leader Kathryn Kuivila said: “The occurrence of low levels in streams throughout the year supports the need for future research on the potential impacts of neonicotinoids on aquatic life and terrestrial animals that rely on aquatic life.” USGS news release, August 18, 2015
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What the findings do—and do not—say about streams today
- They establish that neonicotinoids were detected in many samples collected in the study period, 2011–2014.
- They show different occurrence patterns among the six tested compounds and between urban and agricultural streams.
- They do not establish current national stream conditions, because the measurements are historical and the sampling was limited rather than a census.
- They do not establish current regulatory status or pesticide registrations.
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