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Both lunar caves and Martian lava tubes are promising places to investigate for future exploration, but neither is a proven or ready-made habitat. Orbital observations reveal pits that may lead underground, and rock overhead could help shield people from some surface hazards. The evidence is uneven: one studied lunar pit has a modeled interior temperature near 17°C, while the sources available here provide no comparable temperature or cave-interior radiation measurement for Mars.
What counts as evidence of a cave?
A pit seen from orbit is an observation; interpreting it as a skylight into a larger void is a further step. Establishing that the opening leads to a continuous, stable, accessible cave—and that it could support people—requires close-up mapping and engineering assessment.
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The Moon: many pits, only some likely lava tubes
NASA’s 2022 summary reported more than 200 lunar pits and estimated that about 16 were probably collapsed lava tubes. That is a report-era estimate, not a definitive current census. NASA describes lunar caves as a possibility supported by pit observations and the hypothesis that some formed when the roof of a lava tube collapsed. NASA’s overview of lunar volcanism provides context for that formation process.
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Mars: candidate openings, not surveyed habitats
NASA has described pit craters in Martian volcanic regions, including a feature attributed to an empty lava tube. Such imagery makes these features candidates for underground exploration, but it does not establish a complete cave map, safe access, or suitability for a crew. The sources cited here do not document a completed robotic exploration of a Martian lava tube or a crewed cave habitat.
How might caves protect explorers?
On either world, a substantial layer of rock overhead could reduce exposure to some hazards at the surface. NASA and ESA discuss underground shelter as a potential benefit, including protection from radiation and micrometeorites; this is a reason to investigate caves, not a guarantee of safety or a quantified reduction in dose.
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A 2012 NASA report quoted researcher Robert Wagner describing a habitat placed several dozen meters under an overhang as a potentially very safe location. That was an assessment of a proposed arrangement, not evidence that an actual cave provides zero radiation, no micrometeorite risk, or suitable conditions everywhere. NASA’s account of lunar pits and possible shelter explains the proposal.
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NASA’s Curiosity rover carries the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD), which measures radiation at the Martian surface and helps characterize the environment astronauts might encounter there. It has not measured radiation inside a Martian lava tube. NASA’s discussion of RAD quotes principal investigator Don Hassler: “Cosmic rays, solar radiation, solar storms – they are all components of space weather, and RAD is effectively a space weather outpost on the surface of Mars.” NASA’s account of Curiosity’s radiation measurements concerns that surface monitoring.
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The sources cited here do not provide matched radiation-dose measurements from inside lunar and Martian caves, so they cannot establish which world’s caves would offer more shielding or by how much. A NASA technical report discusses radiation and nuclear technology in planetary cave environments, but it is not a matched set of cave-interior measurements for the two worlds. NASA Technical Reports Server.
What is known about cave temperatures?
NASA’s 2022 account gives lunar surface extremes of about 127°C (260°F) during the day and −173°C (−280°F) at night. For a particular studied lunar pit, researchers estimated a more stable interior temperature near 17°C (63°F). The estimate applies to that site; it does not establish the temperature of every lunar cave.
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The sources cited here do not supply a comparable temperature for the interior of a Martian cave. The lunar pit result therefore cannot be used to claim that Moon caves are warmer or more comfortable than Mars lava tubes. NASA’s report on the studied lunar pit describes the estimate and its surface-temperature context.
What would it take to explore one?
A potential habitat first has to be an accessible, understood site. Reaching a pit floor, checking for hazards, mapping the passage, maintaining communications, and supplying power are all distinct operational challenges. The current agency material describes proposed approaches and early techniques, not an operational cave mission.
Moon: robotic descent and mapping are mission concepts
ESA has described mission studies involving robotic descent into a lunar pit, three-dimensional mapping, and investigation of possible resources. These are proposed exploration activities, not a mission that has already flown. ESA’s lunar-cave mission concept and its account of work toward exploring lunar caves describe the planning and technology context.
Moon and Mars: finding caves is still an active problem
In 2025, NASA described terrestrial field tests of a method for detecting subsurface caves. The tests involved several hundred blows from a 10-pound (4.5-kilogram) sledgehammer. That figure describes the Earth-based test method; it is not a planetary measurement or proof that a cave has been located on either world. NASA presents the work as a step toward finding shelter on the Moon and Mars, not as evidence of ready access. NASA’s account of the cave-finding method describes those tests.
What could make caves valuable beyond shelter?
Subsurface sites could offer geological records less exposed to surface conditions and opportunities to investigate how volcanic passages formed. Agency studies also identify possible resource investigation as a motivation for lunar cave exploration. On Mars, candidate caves could be valuable geological targets as well as possible shelter locations.
Those are reasons to explore, not confirmation that a useful resource exists at any particular site. A pit’s shape, passage continuity, composition, and access conditions would have to be established before researchers could judge its scientific or practical value.
Which world looks more promising as a future cave habitat?
There is no evidence-based winner yet. The Moon has a reported count of pits, a site-specific thermal estimate for one pit, and agency studies for robotic exploration. Mars has candidate pit features and meaningful surface radiation observations, but the sources cited here provide no cave-interior temperature or radiation measurements and no described in-tube exploration mission. Both remain exploration targets whose potential shelter benefits are plausible but unverified for any specific site.
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