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How long does an ISS mission usually last?
For a long-duration station assignment, plan on roughly six months. NASA described Expedition 72 as a six-month research mission, but individual stays can be shorter or longer as launch, spacecraft, and return plans evolve. For example, NASA reported that Soyuz MS-28 crew members spent 241 days in space before returning on July 26, 2026. That figure describes their time in space; it should not automatically be treated as an exact count of days aboard the ISS.
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NASA does not provide a complete distribution of all astronaut stay lengths in the cited material, so the 241-day mission is an example, not an average or record claim. See NASA’s Expedition 72 overview and its July 26, 2026 return report.
What is a crew handover?
NASA defines a handover as “the period between the start of one space station crew’s time on the station, and the end of a separate crew’s time.” It is a transition window, not necessarily a single instant or calendar day. The incoming crew may arrive before the outgoing crew leaves, allowing the two crews to overlap and exchange knowledge about station operations.
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Direct handover
In a direct handover, the new crew arrives before the outgoing crew departs, so both crews are aboard the station at the same time for a period.
Indirect handover
In an indirect handover, the outgoing crew leaves before the next crew launches and arrives. NASA’s handover explainer describes this pattern in the context of Soyuz rotations.
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NASA’s explanations of these patterns are in Top Things to Know about Space Station Crew Handovers.
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A rotation involves several separately scheduled events rather than one date that captures the entire transition. Depending on the mission, these include:
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- the incoming spacecraft’s launch;
- its docking and the crew’s arrival aboard the station;
- the outgoing spacecraft’s undocking;
- the returning crew’s landing.
NASA lists visiting-vehicle arrivals and departures as distinct events on its International Space Station Visiting Vehicles page. When comparing two rotations, check which events a date refers to: launch and docking mark different stages from undocking and landing.
Why can crew handover dates change?
The timing depends on the plans for both incoming and outgoing spacecraft, including launch, arrival, departure, and return. Operational timelines and program decisions can also shift targets. A NASA announcement on April 23, 2026, said Crew-13 was targeted to launch no earlier than mid-September and that the target had been advanced from November to increase the frequency of U.S. crew-rotation missions. “No earlier than” is a target, not a guarantee that launch will occur on that date.
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Dates can be revised, so treat published schedules as targets and check the latest NASA vehicle timeline or mission announcements for updates. The Crew-13 change is a specific example, not proof that every schedule shift has the same cause. See NASA’s April 23, 2026 Crew-13 announcement.
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How should you read expedition dates?
An expedition is a station-wide crew period; its start and end do not, by themselves, give the exact personal stay of every astronaut assigned to it. For example, NASA said Expedition 75 began on July 26, 2026, and projected it to end in spring 2027. Individual crew members’ time aboard can have different boundaries within that broader expedition span. NASA’s International Space Station Expeditions page provides expedition dates and status.
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What does the historical handover schedule tell us?
NASA’s 2021 handover explainer expected four handovers per year under the pattern described at that time: two Soyuz handovers and two U.S. commercial handovers. That is historical context, not a current guaranteed cadence. Current rotations should be checked against current vehicle schedules rather than inferred from that older expectation.
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