Fluorinated ammonium ligands may help perovskite solar cells last longer by binding strongly to surface defects while reducing the formation of a potentially unstable two-dimensional surface layer. In a 2023 study, a single-junction cell using the best-performing tested ligand reached 20% efficiency and retained it during a reported 1,560-hour test at 85°C. That accelerated heat test is promising laboratory evidence—not proof of a 25-year commercial lifetime.
Why perovskite surfaces need passivation
Perovskite solar cells can lose performance when defects at the crystal surface contribute to ion movement or provide sites where electrons and holes recombine instead of producing useful current. Surface passivation uses molecules or coatings to neutralise or protect those defects.
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Ammonium ligands are one approach, but their behaviour inside and on the crystal matters. Some treatments can form a two-dimensional (2D) layer over the three-dimensional (3D) perovskite. The Chemistry World account of the study notes concern that these surface layers may be unstable at high temperatures. A ligand that stays out of the 3D crystal is not automatically a good passivant, either: it still needs to bind effectively at the surface.
What fluorination is intended to change
The researchers examined how ammonium ligands interact with two common lead-halide perovskites, using multiple spectroscopic techniques. Their design problem was to balance four properties: surface binding, defect passivation, penetration into the 3D crystal, and formation of a 2D surface phase.
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In the report, small anilinium penetrated the 3D structure less than the other tested ligands, including phenylethylammonium, described as a commonly used passivant. But anilinium was less effective at passivation. The researchers’ calculations predicted that fluorinated ligands could reduce 2D-phase formation while strengthening binding to the surface. They then made and tested fluorinated anilinium derivatives; 345FAn gave the best protection under the study’s test conditions.
This is a specific design rationale and result, not proof that every fluorinated ligand behaves the same way. The study’s reported contribution is a physical explanation for how ligand structure can influence entry into the 3D material and interaction with its surface. Chemistry World quotes project co-lead So Min Park describing the calculations’ prediction: “a fluorinated ligand would reduce the 2D formation but also enhance the surface binding.”
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What the cell test showed
As reported by Chemistry World, Park and colleagues’ 2023 study found that a single-junction solar cell made with the passivated perovskite achieved 20% efficiency and retained that efficiency for 1,560 hours at 85°C. These figures describe the study result relayed in the report; they are not an independently verified commercial-module rating.
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The report does not provide all the conditions needed to compare this aging result rigorously with other devices, including a complete account of atmosphere, illumination, encapsulation, and measurement protocol. Stability hours should therefore be compared only when the full test conditions are known.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Does 1,560 hours at 85°C prove a 25-year lifetime?
No. Accelerated heat aging can reveal how a material or device behaves under a particular stress test, but this result does not establish how long a solar panel will operate outdoors. Park told Chemistry World that industry needs lifetimes beyond 25 years and that researchers are still learning how to prevent degradation. The reported test is encouraging evidence about one laboratory device under heat stress, not a demonstration of decades of field service.
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The accessible account identifies the paper as S. M. Park et al., Science (2023), DOI 10.1126/science.adi4107. The Northwestern University Department of Chemistry press listing also confirms the research headline and a brief description of the work. Neither source establishes manufacturing scale-up, field performance, production economics, environmental impact, or commercial availability of 345FAn.
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Sources
- Chemistry World: “Fluorinated ligands stabilise perovskite solar cells” (19 July 2023)
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry press listing
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