A Flatpak manifest is the build recipe and dependency declaration for an app; it is not the runtime the app runs on. The runtime supplies the app’s basic execution environment, the matching SDK supplies build tools and development files, and optional extensions are mounted only when they match an extension point declared by the app or runtime.
What a Flatpak manifest does
flatpak-builder reads a manifest written in JSON or YAML. It describes the application and its build: common fields include id, runtime, runtime-version, sdk, and command. The runtime ID and branch identify the runtime dependency, while the command names what Flatpak launches for the app.
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A manifest can also define modules to build. Each module can specify its source and build instructions; the application’s own code is commonly the final module. During a build, flatpak-builder downloads and verifies sources, builds and installs modules, applies sandbox permissions, and exports the result to a repository. The manifest coordinates these steps; it is not itself the built application or runtime. See the Flatpak manifest documentation and build introduction.
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Every Flatpak app specifies a runtime for its basic dependencies. The SDK is the development environment used to build the app and is paired with that runtime. Flatpak’s tutorial describes the matching SDK as a superset of the runtime, adding development tools, libraries, and headers. In practical terms, the runtime is for running the app; the SDK is for building it.
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| Component | Role | What it means in a manifest |
|---|---|---|
| Runtime | Provides the app’s basic execution environment and runtime dependencies. | runtime names it, and runtime-version selects its branch. |
| SDK | Provides the build environment, including development resources and tools such as compilers, headers, and packaging tools. | sdk identifies the SDK paired with the runtime. |
| Manifest | Describes application metadata, dependencies, build modules, and launch command. | It is the recipe and declaration, not the runtime or SDK itself. |
Specifying the runtime and its branch lets the required runtime be installed on a user’s system when needed. The runtime ID and branch are therefore part of the app’s dependency declaration, not merely a builder preference. Details are in Building your first Flatpak.
Choosing a runtime family and branch
The Flatpak documentation identifies Freedesktop, GNOME, and KDE as the three main runtime families hosted on Flathub. The choice is primarily about framework fit and compatibility: use the platform components and libraries the app expects, then check that the selected branch fits its API/ABI needs and support lifecycle.
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| Runtime family | Typical fit | Branch and lifecycle notes |
|---|---|---|
| Freedesktop | General-purpose base runtime. | The documentation describes a two-year support period and a new major version each August; verify the specific branch’s current status. |
| GNOME | Apps needing GNOME platform libraries and components. | Major versions sync with GNOME releases and are usually supported for a year; confirm status for the branch you plan to use. |
| KDE | Apps needing Qt and KDE Frameworks. | Branch patterns relate to Freedesktop releases and Qt versions; check current branch information before choosing. |
These are lifecycle descriptions in the Available Runtimes documentation, not guarantees that any particular branch is current today. Branch availability and end-of-life dates change, so check the runtime project’s current release information before basing a new build on a branch.
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An extension point is metadata declared by an app or runtime. It defines a location and conditions under which compatible optional extension runtimes can be mounted inside the sandbox. The extension is the optional runtime payload installed to match that declared interface. Common uses include translations, SDK debug information, and additional functionality.
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The extension point—not a naming convention guessed in isolation—defines what can attach. For example, the official guide uses the point ID org.flatpak.app.plugin and an extension ID such as org.flatpak.app.plugin.foo. The extension guide explains the metadata and behavior in more detail: Flatpak extensions.
Matching a custom extension
- Find the extension point declared in the app or runtime manifest, and read its ID, version, parent location, and conditions.
- Give the extension an ID beginning with the extension point ID. For the example point
org.flatpak.app.plugin,org.flatpak.app.plugin.foohas the required prefix. - Set the extension branch to the extension point’s declared
version. - In the extension manifest, set
runtimeto the parent module where the point is defined, and setruntime-versionto the runtime version used by the application. - Install the matching branch and ensure the extension point’s conditions are satisfied. Otherwise, the extension will not be mounted. When multiple extensions are mounted, they are mounted in alphabetical path order.
Runtime-provided and generated extensions
Some extensions supplied by a runtime are installed automatically. The .Locale and .Debug extensions generated by flatpak-builder also do not need to be redundantly listed in the app manifest. Locale extensions are usually partially installed for the system’s configured languages. The Flatpak dependencies documentation covers how these dependencies and extensions are handled.
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Quick checks when something does not fit
- App build or runtime dependency: Check that
runtimeidentifies the intended runtime and thatruntime-versionselects an available branch. - Development tools missing during a build: Check that the manifest’s
sdkcorresponds to the selected runtime. - Extension absent in the sandbox: Compare the extension ID prefix with the point ID, its branch with the point’s
version, and its parent runtime and runtime version with the point’s location. Then check installation state and all declared conditions. - Choosing a new branch: Confirm framework compatibility and current lifecycle status rather than assuming a branch remains supported because its family has a recurring release pattern.
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