The Tool Desk
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Start with the local water system, not a generic drought forecast
Before choosing conservation rules, new wells, recharge projects, or emergency supplies, assemble records that show how the community’s water system behaves in wet, dry, and high-demand periods. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says local, system-level knowledge is the best starting point for assessing current availability and variability and preparing for future changes.
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- Groundwater: Compile well-level and groundwater-table measurements, operating history, source-water monitoring, and records of seasonal or long-term changes.
- Connected surface water: Where relevant, track streamflow, surface-water levels, and conditions that may affect groundwater or be affected by pumping.
- Supply and demand: Record seasonal supply variation, historical shortages and drought duration, current use, demand growth, and forecasts of future demand.
- System condition: Review water losses, wells and pumps, power dependencies, treatment capacity, and distribution constraints that could limit water reaching customers.
Separate measurements for the community’s own sources from regional or national indicators. Drought maps can help provide context, but they cannot show whether a particular municipal well is declining or how much water its system can deliver.
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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteThe scale of the issue is not uniform. Drought.gov reports that more than 40 percent of water used for U.S. agriculture and domestic water supplies comes from groundwater; that figure is not a share of all U.S. water use. The USGS’s 2025 National Water Availability Assessment, reported May 12, 2026, found that significant portions of the Southern High Plains, Central High Plains, Texas, Mississippi Embayment, and Southwest Desert regions were at risk for local water limitation between 2010 and 2020. Those regional findings do not establish a shortage in any particular town or predict an imminent one.
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Turn the baseline into triggers, roles, and communication
A shortage plan should say what conditions prompt action, who has authority to act, and how residents and partner agencies will hear about it. Set watch, warning, and response thresholds using local records and system-specific operating needs; there is no universal groundwater level or drought index that fits every wellfield.
- Assign monitoring: Name who checks well levels, supply conditions, demand, and system losses, how often they report, and who reviews the information.
- Define activation authority: Identify who can move the system into each response stage and which actions require approval from elected officials, regulators, or other agencies.
- Specify actions by stage: Link each trigger to actions such as public notices, voluntary conservation, restrictions, operational changes, or emergency supply arrangements.
- Coordinate partners: Identify neighboring utilities, emergency managers, public-health officials, state drinking-water agencies, and other partners to contact, with current contact procedures.
- Make updates usable: Plan timely, accessible notices that explain the condition, the action requested, who is affected, and where to get updates.
EPA’s drought-response guidance emphasizes staffing and funding, supply and demand management, communication, partnerships, and learning from case studies. Practice coordination and update the plan as source conditions, demand, infrastructure, or responsibilities change. Verify current legal duties, permits, emergency guidance, and funding with relevant state and local agencies; older EPA contingency-planning material is useful for general planning concepts, not a substitute for current requirements.
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Reduce demand and losses without treating conservation as a cure-all
Use the baseline to identify avoidable use and losses, then select measures suited to local customers, infrastructure, and authority. Utility actions may include finding and repairing leaks, managing high-demand uses, and adopting conservation measures that can be increased as conditions worsen. Households and businesses can reduce demand with efficient plumbing and equipment; EPA’s WaterSense program identifies water-efficient products.
Nonpotable reuse may also reduce demand on drinking-water supplies where it is safe, permitted, and practical. Each option needs an appropriate source, use, treatment, and operating plan. Efficiency and reuse can improve resilience, but they do not reverse structural overpumping or replace long-term supply planning. The federal guidance cited here does not establish a nationwide yield or guaranteed shortage reduction for any particular conservation measure.
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Evaluate supply, infiltration, and reuse options for the site
Compare options against local conditions rather than assuming that a successful project elsewhere will work in the same way. Consider how quickly a measure can be deployed; the reliable supply or demand reduction it could provide; whether the water is potable or nonpotable; local hydrogeology and water quality; capital and operating burden; effects on streams and other users; and regulatory and community-acceptance requirements. A local technical and regulatory review should determine feasibility and expected performance.
Stormwater infiltration and green infrastructure
Practices such as bioretention and porous pavement can retain stormwater and allow some of it to infiltrate. EPA advises screening potential sites for soils, slope, land use, and contamination risk. Large infiltration volumes may be inappropriate at contamination hot spots or on steep slopes; infiltration should not be promoted without evaluating possible pathways to groundwater and applicable water-quality rules.
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EPA reports that a University of Wisconsin–Madison model estimated that a combination of porous pavement and bioretention practices could infiltrate approximately 4 billion gallons of stormwater per year in the Milwaukee area. That is a location-specific model result, not a planning estimate for other communities.
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Rain barrels and cisterns can capture roof runoff for appropriate nonpotable uses, such as outdoor use where local rules allow. Check local requirements and intended-use safety before installation. Household storage can supplement supply; it is not a remedy for a municipal aquifer deficit.
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Additional or shifted supplies
Assess any new, alternate, or shifted source for water quality, available infrastructure, authority to use it, operating cost, and consequences for other users and connected waters. A change in pumping location or volume can affect nearby surface water as well as groundwater. In discussing the Edwards Aquifer, USGS hydrologist Dr. MaryLynn Musgrove identifies risks that include pumping groundwater faster than it is replenished, growing demand, recurring droughts, and water-quality concerns from urbanization. The example underscores why local hydrogeologic review matters; it does not establish the conditions or solution for another aquifer.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Make emergency drinking water arrangements before service is disrupted
A contingency plan should cover disruptions caused not only by a declining well, but also by loss of power, pumps, treatment, or distribution. Identify how drinking water will be provided, who is responsible for each step, and how arrangements fit state emergency-management procedures. EPA publishes separate emergency drinking-water planning resources for utilities and state drinking-water agencies.
- Identify partner agencies, neighboring systems, suppliers, and the roles each can perform.
- Plan distribution locations and logistics, including how supplies will reach priority facilities and people who may have difficulty accessing them.
- Set procedures for public notices, updates, and coordination among the utility, public-health officials, and emergency managers.
- Review what equipment, staff, transport, funding, and approvals would be needed to activate the plan.
EPA’s groundwater contingency-planning guide describes contingency planning as a way to coordinate the technical, communications, financial, and administrative work required during a water-supply emergency. Local plans should be checked against current state and local requirements and practiced with the partners expected to carry them out.
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Quick Recap
Use a staged process to keep the plan practical
- Assemble and maintain the baseline. Bring together well, groundwater, relevant surface-water, demand, drought, and system-loss records; note gaps and assign responsibility for filling them.
- Agree on triggers and decision rights. Use local conditions to set response stages, define who can activate them, and attach specific actions to each stage.
- Choose a portfolio of measures. Combine demand management, loss reduction, feasible supply options, and emergency arrangements rather than relying on a single intervention.
- Review feasibility and trade-offs. Check hydrogeology, water quality, surface-water effects, costs, permits, authority, and public acceptance before committing to projects or restrictions.
- Exercise and revise. Practice communications and emergency coordination, then update the plan as monitoring, infrastructure, population, and rules change.
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