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World desk4 min

How Climate Change Is Threatening Heritage Sites

Climate threats to heritage range from coastal flooding and pest migration to disruption of living traditions. The risks and appropriate responses depend on each place.
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Climate change threatens heritage sites through rising seas, heat, drought, flooding, wildfire and shifting pest ranges—but the risks differ from place to place. Damage can affect buildings and landscapes, as well as collections, living traditions and communities’ relationships with important places. A warning attributed only to an unidentified “trust” cannot be verified from the available sources, so the evidence below is attributed to the organizations that published it.

What climate risks can damage heritage?

Climate change can affect both the physical fabric of heritage and the cultural life connected to it. UNESCO identifies rising sea levels as a threat to coastal sites and the migration of pests as a conservation concern for built heritage. Climate-related changes can also disrupt communities’ relationships with places and contribute to the abandonment of built heritage.

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These are pathways of risk, not proof that every site is already being damaged. The hazard, exposure and consequences depend on local conditions and on what makes a place significant.

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  • Coastal sites and historic settlements: sea-level rise and coastal flooding can put buildings, archaeological remains and associated landscapes at risk.
  • Buildings and collections: changing environmental conditions and pest migration can complicate conservation.
  • Cultural landscapes and living heritage: climate-driven changes to land, water and livelihoods can affect traditional practices and communities’ connections to place.

UNESCO outlines these general threat pathways in its statement on climate change and World Heritage. The British Council’s November 2023 literature review covers tangible and intangible heritage, while noting that published research remains weighted toward sites and built heritage, with growing interest in cultural resilience, oral traditions and intangible heritage. Its review overview provides context on that evidence base.

How widespread is the threat?

UNESCO’s World Heritage publication, issue 100, reported that “one in three natural sites and one in six cultural heritage sites are currently threatened by climate change,” and that 60% of World Heritage forests are threatened by climate change-related events. These figures are reported in the publication at UNESCO World Heritage, issue 100. They should be read as figures from that publication, not as a newly verified 2026 global estimate; the cited material does not establish updated definitions or methodology here.

A more recent example is geographically specific. UNESCO’s 2026 report examined 114 World Heritage cities and settlements in the Mediterranean region: nearly two-thirds had experienced at least one climate hazard, and nearly one-fifth reported three or more. It discusses warming, drought in an already dry climate and coastal flooding. These are findings for the studied Mediterranean settlements, not a global rate. The UNESCO report sets out the regional assessment.

Which heritage is included?

Heritage at risk is broader than famous monuments. The U.S. National Park Service’s Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy includes archaeological sites, cultural landscapes, ethnographic resources, museum collections, historic buildings and structures. UNESCO and the British Council also address effects on communities and intangible heritage, such as oral traditions and cultural practices.

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The National Park Service strategy is a U.S. agency framework, not an assessment of global site conditions. Its scope is useful for understanding the range of cultural resources that climate planning may need to consider: Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy.

How should places assess and respond to the risk?

There is no single adaptation measure that fits every site. A useful assessment starts with the local hazard and the heritage values at stake, then considers how an intervention could affect both. ICOMOS’s Preserving Legacies initiative describes community-led, values-based vulnerability assessments supported by locally downscaled climate models. That is a documented approach, not proof of a universal solution. See ICOMOS’s description of the initiative.

  1. Identify the resource and its significance. Specify what is being protected—a building, archaeological site, landscape, collection or living practice—and which physical and cultural values matter.
  2. Map relevant local hazards. Consider applicable threats such as flooding, heat, drought, wildfire or biological change rather than assuming a general climate risk applies equally everywhere.
  3. Use local climate information and time horizons. Downscaled projections can help assess how hazards may change over time; the assessment should make its assumptions and uncertainties clear.
  4. Involve affected communities. Community and Indigenous participation can surface values and relationships that a fabric-only survey might miss.
  5. Weigh conservation trade-offs. Consider whether a proposed measure is reversible, what it could change about the site’s character, and whether it shifts risk elsewhere.
  6. Plan monitoring, maintenance and funding. An intervention needs ongoing observation and resources to remain useful as conditions change.
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Heritage can also inform climate adaptation

Cultural heritage is not only something climate policy must protect. The National Park Service strategy treats cultural resources as relevant to climate response, and UNESCO and the heritage literature discuss traditional knowledge and existing buildings in adaptation contexts. Their value depends on the specific place and evidence; these sources do not establish that any particular practice or building type will deliver the same benefit everywhere.

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