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Hiking Poles vs. Walking Without Poles on Steep Trails

Hiking poles can reduce some measured leg loading on steep descents and may help some hikers climb faster at maximal effort, but they can also add effort.
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On steep trails, hiking poles can reduce some measured loads on the legs during descents and may help some hikers go faster during a maximal-effort climb. They are not proven to prevent injuries or make every hike easier: poles also recruit the upper body and can increase cardiovascular or energy demand. The better choice depends on whether you value extra support and load-sharing more than the added effort and coordination.

What changes when you use poles?

Poles give you another way to apply force to the ground. On a descent, that can redistribute some of the work otherwise borne by the legs. On a climb, poles let the arms and upper body contribute, but that effort is not free. Walking without poles avoids carrying and coordinating extra equipment, while leaving the legs to handle more of the trail’s demands.

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The studies compare different people, grades, speeds, loads, and outcomes. Their results describe measured mechanics and performance under specific conditions—not a universal prescription for every hiker.

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Downhill: poles reduced several measured leg-loading outcomes

In a 1999 study, eight men walked down a ramp set at 25 degrees with and without hiking poles. With poles, selected peak and average ground-reaction forces, knee moments, and tibiofemoral compressive and shear forces were significantly lower. Reported reductions across those measures were 12–25%. The researchers attributed the changes mainly to force applied through the poles and a more forward-leaning posture. The study record also notes that reductions in patellofemoral compressive force, quadriceps tendon force, and vastus lateralis activity were not statistically significant because of high variability.

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A separate downhill study tested 15 experienced male hikers with no pack, a day pack equal to 15% of body weight, and an expedition pack equal to 30% of body weight. Pole use reduced sagittal-plane joint moments at the ankle, knee, and hip across all three pack conditions; peak power absorption also fell at the ankle and knee. The study record describes these findings, not whether poles prevent injuries or improve comfort for every person.

These results give a reason to consider poles on steep descents, particularly when carrying a pack: they can reduce some measured lower-limb loading. They do not establish that they eliminate knee stress, treat knee pain, or prevent injury.

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Uphill: faster at maximal effort is not the same as easier

A 2019 field study followed 15 participants on a 1.3 km mountain path with 433 m of elevation gain. Twelve of the 15 participants (80%) completed the maximal-effort trial faster with poles. At a lower test intensity—80% of maximal vertical velocity—the study found no differences in its measured physiological or biomechanical parameters. The study record supports a possible performance benefit at maximal effort, not a claim that poles help everyone climb faster at an ordinary hiking pace.

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Speed and energy cost are separate questions. A 2022 study title and abstract characterize pole walking as faster but not cheaper during steep uphill walking; the finding cautions against treating a faster pace as proof that the climb takes less effort. See the study record.

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Effort trade-off: poles can add cardiovascular work

A 2020 review covering literature published from 1980 through 2019 concluded that poles reduce lower-extremity loading and forces during unloaded walking while increasing cardiovascular demand. It also describes possible balance and stability benefits when carrying a large external load, but that is a review-level synthesis rather than a guarantee for an individual. Read the review record.

A 2008 treadmill study tested 12 healthy adults on level, 15% uphill, and 15% downhill grades, with and without poles and a pack equal to 15% of body mass. Oxygen consumption and energy cost were higher with poles during downhill trials; the authors called for field research to determine whether that tendency holds outdoors. The full article does not establish that poles increase effort on every trail or for every hiker.

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Choose based on terrain, load, and what you want from the hike

Situation What the evidence suggests Practical implication
Steep descent Studies found lower values for selected ground-reaction forces, knee forces, and lower-limb joint moments with poles under their test conditions. Consider poles if sharing some downhill work with your arms is appealing; the measured changes do not establish injury prevention.
Descent with a pack One study of 15 experienced male hikers found reduced sagittal-plane joint moments with poles at no-pack, 15%-body-weight, and 30%-body-weight loads. Poles may be worth considering when descending with a load, while recognizing that the study involved experienced male hikers.
Steep climb at maximal effort In one field trial, 12 of 15 participants were faster with poles. They may help some hikers pursue a faster maximal-effort ascent; this result does not promise a faster everyday hiking pace.
Lower-intensity climb The 2019 field study found no difference in measured physiological or biomechanical parameters at 80% of maximal vertical velocity. There is no measured advantage in that comparison to assume will apply to all lower-intensity hiking.
Concern about overall effort Review and treadmill findings indicate cardiovascular or energy demands can rise with poles in some conditions. Factor in upper-body work and your own comfort, not only leg-loading measures.
Walking without poles The cited studies do not establish that poles are necessary for steep trails. Going without avoids carrying and coordinating poles; decide according to your terrain, load, pace, and preference.

How to make the decision on your next hike

  1. Look at the route. A long, steep descent is the clearest scenario in this evidence for considering poles because the downhill studies measured lower values for several leg-loading outcomes.
  2. Account for your pack. The load study found lower joint moments with poles across three pack conditions, including packs equal to 15% and 30% of body weight. Its participants were experienced male hikers, so do not assume the exact result applies to every hiker or load.
  3. Set your goal. If you are trying to maximize uphill speed, one small field study found faster maximal-effort times for most participants. If you are hiking below that intensity, it did not find differences in its measured parameters at the tested lower intensity.
  4. Weigh support against extra work. Poles can let the arms contribute and may offer a sense of added support, but they require coordination and can increase cardiovascular demand in some conditions.
  5. Judge your own response. The studies cannot predict whether poles will feel more comfortable or stable for you. They also do not make poles a medical recommendation for knee pain or injury prevention.

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