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Confirm the exact hostname and port, inspect the configuration Nginx actually loaded, correct the matching server block and its root, run nginx -t, then reload Nginx. Changing files without validating and reloading cannot change the response.
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What the default page tells you
Nginx chooses a server block in stages. It first groups server blocks by the address and port in their listen directives. It then compares the request’s Host header with the server_name values in that group. If there is no match, Nginx uses the default server for that address and port. The default is normally the first server listed for that port unless a block is explicitly marked with default_server on its listen directive.
That means the default page is not proof that your files disappeared. It is evidence that the request reached a server block whose content or document root is different from the site you intended. An IP-address request, a missing www name, a typo in the hostname, or a request sent to another port can all select the fallback block.
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The root directive then determines where Nginx looks for files. Nginx appends the request URI to the effective root path to form a local filename. A selected location can have its own root; otherwise it inherits the server-level root. Consequently, both server selection and location-level path settings must be checked.
Repair the problem in the right order
- Test the real request target. Use the domain visitors enter, including
wwwwhen applicable, and use the correct HTTP or HTTPS port. Do not assume that testing the server’s IP tests the same virtual host. - Inspect the loaded configuration. Run
sudo nginx -Tand locate the active server blocks, theirlistendirectives, hostnames, roots, and locations. - Make the hostnames match. Add every exact hostname that should serve this site to
server_name. - Correct the effective root and index. Verify that the intended directory contains the index file and that a more-specific location is not changing the path.
- Validate before applying. Run
sudo nginx -t. Fix every reported error before attempting a reload. - Reload Nginx. Run
sudo nginx -s reloador the equivalent reload action in your service manager. - Retest with the intended hostname. Only investigate browser or proxy caching after confirming that the origin is returning the correct server block.
1. Confirm the hostname, scheme, and port you are testing
Start with the address in the browser’s address bar. Treat these as different request targets:
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The first two normally use port 80 unless a nonstandard port is shown. The HTTPS forms normally use port 443. The IP-address form sends a different Host value and can legitimately receive the default page even when the domain works.
Use a header-only request to test the public hostname without relying on browser rendering:
curl -I http://example.com
curl -I http://www.example.comTo test host matching directly on a local HTTP listener, send the desired Host header to the server’s address:
curl -i -H 'Host: example.com' http://127.0.0.1/This test is useful when DNS has not been updated yet. It does not replace an HTTPS test, because HTTPS also involves the port and the TLS connection. Test each scheme and hostname that your visitors will use.
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- The domain and
wwwshow different sites: one hostname is probably missing fromserver_name, or it is handled by another server block. - The domain works but the IP shows the Nginx page: the IP request is probably falling through to the default server. That is expected unless you deliberately configure the default server to serve your site.
- HTTP works but HTTPS shows the default page: inspect the server block listening on the HTTPS port separately. A correct port-80 block does not control a port-443 request.
- Every target shows the default page: the intended block may not be loaded, its hostname may not match, or its root may still point at the fallback content.
2. Inspect the configuration Nginx actually loaded
Do not rely on the file you remember editing. Distribution packages commonly include a default site, and Nginx may include configuration files from locations you did not open. The authoritative view is Nginx’s configuration dump:
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sudo nginx -TThis command tests the configuration and prints the complete active configuration, including included files. Search the output for each server { block and record:
- the address and port in every
listendirective; - the exact
server_namevalues; - whether
default_serveris attached to alistendirective; - the server-level
rootandindexdirectives; - any
locationblock with its ownroot,alias, or file-handling rules.
If your edited block does not appear in the dump, Nginx is not loading that file. Editing it repeatedly will have no effect until the file is included by the active configuration. If both your block and a packaged fallback block appear, compare their ports and names rather than assuming the later file wins.
3. Create or correct the server block
For a simple static site on HTTP, the essential directives look like this:
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server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
root /var/www/example;
index index.html index.htm;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}Replace the example hostnames and path with your own values. This pattern follows Nginx’s core virtual-host arrangement:
listen 80;places the block in the port-80 server group. If another address or port is being tested, this block will not be selected for that request.server_name example.com www.example.com;lists the hostnames that should map to this site. Include every name visitors are expected to use. A hostname omitted here can fall through to the default server.root /var/www/example;sets the base directory used to map request URIs to files.index index.html index.htm;tells Nginx which index filenames to try when a request maps to a directory.- The
location /rule first checks the requested path and its directory form, then returns a 404 when neither exists. It prevents an unrelated fallback file from masking a missing site file.
Keep the trailing semicolon on each directive. A syntax error prevents a successful reload, so always validate after editing.
Match every hostname exactly
Nginx evaluates exact names before wildcard and regular-expression variants. The safest starting point is to list the literal hostnames used by your DNS records and links:
server_name example.com www.example.com;Do not assume that example.com automatically includes www.example.com. They are separate hostnames in the request’s Host header. If you intentionally use additional names, add each one or configure a deliberate wildcard with an understanding of which other names it can capture.
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Understand the default server setting
default_server belongs to the listen directive, not to server_name. For example:
listen 80 default_server;That marks the block as the fallback for that listen address and port. It does not make the block a fallback for every port or every address on the machine. A port can therefore have one default while another port has a different default.
If no block is marked explicitly, Nginx uses the first server for that address and port as the default. Reordering files or include statements can therefore change which page appears for unmatched requests. The durable fix is to make the intended hostname match; changing the default is appropriate only when you deliberately want unmatched requests to land on a particular site.
4. Verify the document root and location rules
Once the correct server block is selected, verify the path it uses. Nginx maps a request such as /about.html onto the effective root, producing a local path such as /var/www/example/about.html. For a request to /, Nginx uses the configured index names when the root resolves to a directory.
Check the following in the active configuration:
- The directory in
rootis the directory that contains this site’s files, not the directory used by the packaged welcome page. - The expected index file is present under that directory and its filename matches the
indexdirective. - A nested
locationdoes not define a differentrootor otherwise intercept the request. - The request path you are testing corresponds to a real file or directory under the selected root.
A more-specific location can override the server-level root for only part of the URL space. For example, a block handling /app/ can send those requests somewhere other than the root used for /. When the homepage looks wrong but a deeper path behaves differently, compare the matching locations rather than changing the global root blindly.
5. Make sure the edited configuration is enabled
The configuration dump is the practical test for whether an edit is active. Run:
sudo nginx -TThen confirm that the intended server block appears with the expected directives. If it is absent, identify how the main Nginx configuration includes server files and place the block in an included location appropriate to your installation. If an old block remains active, remove or disable it only through your system’s normal configuration process; do not guess at a path or delete files that another service may need.
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When two blocks contain the same hostname, Nginx still chooses according to the listen address and port, then the name-selection rules. The fact that your block exists somewhere on disk does not guarantee that it wins the request.
6. Validate before reloading
Run the syntax and file-reference check before applying any change:
sudo nginx -tA successful result includes a syntax confirmation and a message that the test is successful. Nginx also attempts to open files referenced by the configuration. Treat any error as a stop condition: correct the filename, path, directive, or permission issue reported by the command, then run the test again.
Do not use a reload as a way to discover syntax errors. If validation fails, the running workers continue using the previous valid configuration, so the old default page can remain visible while you troubleshoot.
7. Reload Nginx and retest the origin
After nginx -t passes, apply the configuration gracefully:
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sudo nginx -s reloadYou can use the equivalent reload operation provided by your service manager. A successful reload starts workers with the new configuration and gracefully retires the old workers. Nginx does not apply edits merely because a file was saved; a reload or restart is required.
Retest with the exact hostname and scheme:
curl -I http://example.com
curl -I http://www.example.comIf the response is still the fallback page, repeat the selection checks against the loaded configuration. Confirm that the request reached the intended machine and port, that the spelling and punctuation of server_name match the request, and that the selected block’s effective root contains the expected index file.
Why browser or proxy cache is rarely the first fix
Cache clearing cannot make Nginx choose a different server block. First establish that the origin returns the correct content with curl or another direct request. Only after the origin is correct should you investigate a browser cache, reverse proxy, or CDN retaining an older response. Otherwise, a cache purge can hide the actual hostname or configuration error without repairing it.
Compare competing server blocks systematically
When several configurations appear plausible, compare them on the same axes instead of reading them as isolated files.
| Comparison | What to check | Why it decides the result |
|---|---|---|
| Hostname coverage | Does the request’s exact host appear in server_name? Are www and the apex name both covered? |
Nginx selects matching names before falling back to the default server. |
| Listen address and port | Do the block and request use the same address and port? | Server selection is scoped to a listen address/port group. |
| Default status | Which block has default_server, or which block is listed first when none is explicit? |
An unmatched host is served by that port’s default. |
| Effective root | What server-level root applies, and does the selected location override it? |
The effective root determines the local file path Nginx opens. |
| Active configuration | Does the block appear in nginx -T after your edit? |
A file that is not loaded cannot affect requests. |
| Applied state | Did nginx -t pass, followed by a reload? |
Saved edits are inert until a valid configuration is applied. |
Common cases and targeted fixes
The IP address shows the welcome page, but the domain is correct
An IP request does not carry the domain name that identifies your site. Nginx therefore has no matching hostname and uses the default server for that port. Use the domain for normal testing. Configure the default server differently only if serving a meaningful response for unmatched hosts is an intentional requirement.
The apex domain works, but www does not
Add both names to the site’s server_name if both are meant to serve it, then validate and reload. Check the www request directly; do not infer its behavior from the apex hostname.
The configuration looks correct, but the fallback page remains
Use nginx -T to prove that the edited block is loaded. Then compare its listen port and hostname with the request. If those match, inspect the effective root and any nested location. Finally, confirm that a successful validation was followed by a reload.
Nginx reports an error during nginx -t
Do not reload until the test succeeds. Read the reported file and line, correct the syntax or referenced path, and rerun the test. A failed test leaves the previously running configuration in place, which explains why the old page continues to appear.
HTTP is fixed but HTTPS is not
Inspect the server block for the HTTPS listen port independently. Port-specific defaults and hostname matching mean that a working port-80 block does not automatically control an HTTPS request. Ensure the HTTPS block covers the hostname and uses the intended root, then validate and reload.
The homepage is correct but one URL serves unexpected content
Inspect the most specific location that matches that URL. A location-level root or file rule can override the server-level settings for a subset of paths. Compare the URL with the local path Nginx constructs from the effective root and request URI.
A compact end-to-end example
Suppose the public site is example.com and www.example.com, and its files are in /var/www/example. The repeatable workflow is:
- Request both hostnames rather than the server IP.
- Run
sudo nginx -Tand find the block that listens on the tested port. - Confirm it contains
server_name example.com www.example.com;. - Confirm its effective root is
/var/www/exampleand that the index file is there. - Check that no more-specific location points the homepage at the fallback directory.
- Run
sudo nginx -tand resolve every error. - Run
sudo nginx -s reload. - Repeat the hostname-specific
curlrequests and only then investigate caching.
This sequence separates the three decisions that are often confused: which server block receives the request, which filesystem root that block uses, and whether the edited configuration has actually been applied.
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