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What an Express health check does—and does not do
A health route returns an HTTP response that a load balancer or orchestrator can evaluate. Express describes the purpose this way: “A load balancer uses health checks to determine if an application instance is healthy and can accept requests.” The route supplies a signal; the platform decides whether that signal should change traffic, restart a container, or affect a rollout.
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It helps to separate three layers:
- Application route: Express returns a success or failure status based on a defined condition.
- Probe configuration: The platform calls that route and maps its result to an action, such as removing an instance from traffic or restarting it.
- Rollout policy: The deployment system decides whether and when an unhealthy rollout should pause or be reversed.
A failed check is not a universal rollback command. Verify the rollout controller and its settings separately; a route or probe alone does not establish that a deployment will be undone.
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| Probe | Question it answers | Typical consequence of failure | What it should represent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Readiness | Can this instance accept requests now? | Traffic is withheld or removed while the instance is unready. | Whether the instance can serve the workload it is expected to handle. |
| Liveness | Should this process keep running? | The platform may restart the container. | Whether the application process is functioning, not whether every shared service is available. |
For Kubernetes, Express documentation explains that readiness indicates whether a pod can accept traffic; “When a pod is not ready, it is removed from the service load balancers.” Liveness tells Kubernetes when to restart a container. These behaviors are described in the Express health-check and graceful-shutdown guide and the Kubernetes probe documentation. Other platforms may use different terminology or actions, so confirm the selected platform’s behavior.
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Three practices for safer health checks
1. Separate “restart me” from “send me traffic”
Use different checks or conditions for liveness and readiness. A process that is alive but temporarily unable to serve should usually stop receiving new traffic without being restarted. Conversely, a process that is irrecoverably stuck may need a liveness failure so the platform can restart it.
The route names are yours to choose. For example, an application might expose /health/live and /health/ready, but no universal Express path or response body is prescribed by the cited documentation. Configure each platform probe to call the intended path and evaluate its status explicitly.
2. Keep transient shared dependencies out of liveness
A database outage is not necessarily evidence that an application process needs restarting. AWS advises against making liveness depend on a factor external to the pod, such as a database: a temporary database incident can otherwise trigger restarts instead of simply pausing traffic. Readiness can reflect whether an instance is currently able to handle requests, but a check tied to a shared database needs care. If every replica uses the same database and all apply the same readiness rule, a database incident can make all replicas unready at once.
Decide what a failed dependency means for the actual request paths your service handles. Keep liveness focused on local process viability; use readiness only for conditions that genuinely mean this instance should not receive requests. AWS discusses these trade-offs in its EKS health-check guidance and EKS application best practices.
3. Design for startup and shutdown, not only steady state
If initialization time is long or unpredictable, configure a startup probe. Kubernetes does not run the other probes until the startup probe succeeds, preventing liveness or readiness checks from treating normal initialization as failure. If startup duration is known, AWS notes that an initial delay for liveness or readiness may be sufficient instead. Set delays, timeouts, and failure thresholds against observed application behavior rather than copying values from another service.
Shutdown is the other half of the lifecycle. On SIGTERM, Express guidance shows calling server.close(): stop accepting new requests, allow ongoing work to finish, release resources such as database connections and file locks, then exit. Coordinate this sequence with the platform’s termination grace period so that health status, traffic draining, and process exit do not work at cross purposes. See the Express graceful-shutdown documentation.
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Implement a small, state-specific Express route
Keep probe handlers inexpensive and return success only when the state represented by that particular probe is true. The HTTP status is the key signal; keep the body simple and do not disclose credentials, internal addresses, dependency details, or infrastructure topology to unauthenticated callers.
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There is no required route name. Choose a path that clearly distinguishes the checks, then map it explicitly in the platform configuration. Avoid treating Kubernetes API server endpoints such as /livez and /readyz as required application route names: those paths document the Kubernetes API server’s own health endpoints, not mandatory paths for Express workloads. Kubernetes notes that its API-server healthz endpoint has been deprecated since v1.16 in favor of livez and readyz; application paths remain separately configured. See the Kubernetes API health-check documentation.
Configure and validate the platform probe
Kubernetes supports HTTP GET, TCP socket, and command-based probes. Choose the check type that measures the behavior you intend to monitor. An HTTP probe can test an Express route; a TCP check only establishes that a connection can be made; a command check depends on its command and environment. Probe period, timeout, and failure threshold shape how quickly the platform reacts and how much short-lived delay it tolerates. Consult the Kubernetes probe reference for the configuration supported by your cluster version.
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For Amazon ECS, task-definition health checks override image-level Docker health checks, and ECS monitors the checks specified in the task definition. A command-based check can fail simply because the executable is absent from the container image: do not assume tools such as curl are installed. The ECS HealthCheck API reference gives command-check configuration limits of 5–300 seconds for interval, 1–10 for retries, 0–300 seconds for start period, and 2–60 seconds for timeout. Its documented defaults are a 30-second interval, 3 retries, and a 5-second timeout. These are ECS API limits and defaults, not universal recommendations or Kubernetes settings. See the Amazon ECS HealthCheck API reference.
Diagnose failures by the layer that acted
- Requests still reach an instance that should be unavailable: Check that the readiness probe targets the intended route, that the route returns failure for the relevant unready state, and that the platform uses readiness to control traffic.
- An instance restarts during a database or network incident: Inspect liveness conditions for shared external dependencies. A transient dependency failure may belong in readiness or application-level error handling, not a restart-triggering liveness condition.
- A healthy app fails checks during initialization: Compare actual startup duration with probe timing. Use a startup probe for uncertain startup duration, or an appropriate initial delay when duration is known.
- Requests are cut off during termination: Review the SIGTERM handler, request draining, resource cleanup, and termination grace period as one sequence.
- A rollout does not roll back after a probe fails: Inspect deployment-controller rollout and rollback policy. Probe failure behavior and automated rollback are separate mechanisms.
Change one layer at a time and verify the observed result: route status, probe event or status, traffic behavior, restart behavior, and rollout outcome. This makes it possible to identify whether the application signal or the platform policy is responsible.
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