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The CSS scale property scales a transformable element independently of its transform property. Use one value for uniform scaling, two for separate X and Y scaling, or three to include Z:
.card:hover {
scale: 1.25;
}
.card--wide {
scale: 1.4 0.8;
}
.panel-3d {
scale: 1.2 1 0.9;
}CSS scale syntax
The property accepts none or one to three <number> or <percentage> values:
scale: none;
scale: 1.25;
scale: 1.4 0.8;
scale: 1.2 1 0.9;Its initial value is none. It is not inherited and applies to transformable elements. Percentages correspond to numbers: 100% equals 1.
One value: uniform scaling
A single value applies the same factor to X and Y. For example, scale: 1.25 enlarges the element to 1.25 times its scale in both dimensions; scale: 0.8 shrinks it.
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Two values: independent X and Y
Two values set horizontal and vertical scale, respectively. This can stretch an element along one axis while shrinking it along the other:
.card--wide {
scale: 1.4 0.8;
}Three values: add Z scaling
Three values set X, Y, and Z scale, respectively. A third value other than 1 (or 100%) expresses 3D scaling:
.panel-3d {
scale: 1.2 1 0.9;
}When Y is omitted, it defaults to X. When Z is omitted, it defaults to 1. Values greater than 1 enlarge; values between zero and 1 shrink; 1 has no scale effect.
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Resetting the scale
Set scale: none to specify no scaling:
.reset {
scale: none;
}How scale relates to transform
scale is an individual transform property, separate from the transform property. It is useful when scale should be set independently from translation or rotation, rather than included in a list of transform functions.
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Use transform: scale(...) when scaling belongs in the transform-function list or when working with a code path that uses that syntax. The scale() transform function is 2D: one argument scales both axes equally, while two arguments set X and Y separately.
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Scaling versus zoom: layout behavior
scale and transform: scale() change how an element is rendered without recalculating layout or moving surrounding elements. If the enlarged content exceeds its container, it may overflow or overlap other content. Scaling is centered by default; adjust transform-origin when it should scale from another point.
zoom can affect page layout. Choose it when the intended effect should influence layout; choose a scale transform when the surrounding layout should remain in place.
Browser support and practical caveats
MDN labels the scale property Baseline Widely available and reports cross-browser availability since August 2022. That milestone does not guarantee every browser implements every part of the latest standard. Check the MDN browser-compatibility table against the browsers and syntax your project targets.
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The property creates a stacking context. Because scaling changes rendering rather than layout dimensions, check the result in context for overlap, stacking, and overflow. Also confirm that the element you want to scale is transformable.
Choosing the right scaling mechanism
| Choose | When it fits | Key distinction |
|---|---|---|
scale |
You want scaling controlled independently from a transform-function list. | Individual transform properties follow the fixed order: translate, rotate, scale, then transform. |
transform: scale() |
Scaling should be part of the transform-function list, or your code path uses that syntax. | Supports uniform or separate X/Y scaling; it does not recalculate layout. |
zoom |
The effect should be able to affect page layout. | Unlike scale transforms, it can affect layout. |
Accessible scale animations
Scaling can animate as a transform. For motion effects, provide a way for users to turn the animation off and account for the prefers-reduced-motion preference. For example:
.card {
transition: scale 180ms ease;
}
.card:hover {
scale: 1.04;
}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
.card {
transition: none;
}
.card:hover {
scale: none;
}
}The reduced-motion rule removes the transition and hover scaling for users who request reduced motion. Make sure any essential information or interaction does not depend on the motion effect.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Does scale: 100% change an element’s size?
No. 100% is equivalent to 1, which has no scale effect.
What happens if I omit the Y or Z value?
If Y is omitted, it defaults to X. If Z is omitted, it defaults to 1.
Does CSS scale make nearby elements move?
No. Scaling changes the element’s rendering without recalculating layout; the scaled content can overflow or overlap.
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