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A Coriolis vibratory gyroscope (CVG) measures angular velocity by vibrating a mechanical structure and detecting the secondary motion that rotation produces through the Coriolis effect. It reports rotation rate—not absolute orientation. An angle can be estimated by integrating the rate over time, but that estimate can accumulate error and is not an independent heading reference.
How a Coriolis vibratory gyroscope works
The sensor sustains vibration along a primary, or drive, axis. If the device rotates about its sensitive axis while that structure is moving, the rotation gives rise to a Coriolis response perpendicular to both the vibration velocity and the rotation axis. The resulting secondary movement is called the sense motion.
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In short: drive motion plus rotation creates detectable sense motion. The sense response is related to angular rate. Sensor electronics detect and process it into an angular-rate output. The Coriolis effect here explains the rotation-related response; it is not a contact force from an external object.
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Unlike a conventional spinning-wheel gyroscope, a CVG senses rotation through oscillation of a structure. Its internal resonator does not need to spin freely like a wheel.
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What it measures—and what it does not
A CVG’s basic measurement is angular velocity: how quickly the sensor is rotating about its sensitive axis. It does not directly provide absolute angle, orientation, or heading. A system can integrate angular rate over time to estimate a change in angle, but accumulated measurement error can make that estimate drift. Establishing absolute orientation requires an additional reference or other sensor information.
CVG designs vary
“Coriolis vibratory gyroscope” describes a family of sensors, not one fixed mechanical layout. Implementations include micromachined proof-mass or beam structures, tuning-fork designs, and ring resonators. The drive and sense motions may be detected using capacitive pickup or other transduction approaches.
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For example, Murata’s MEMS gyro overview describes primary and secondary oscillation and capacitive detection. Tamagawa Seiki’s explanation discusses tuning-fork operation, while Sumitomo Precision Products’ inertial-systems FAQ describes a silicon ring resonator and notes the relevance of external vibration. These examples illustrate design variety; none defines every CVG.
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The CVG label alone does not tell you whether a sensor suits a particular project. Compare the specifications of the exact model against the application’s requirements.
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- Angular-rate range: the rotation rates the sensor can measure.
- Noise and resolution: how small a rate change it can distinguish and how noisy the output is.
- Bias stability and drift: how much the zero-rate output can vary, including over time and temperature.
- Operating temperature: the conditions under which the specified performance applies.
- Vibration and shock response: whether the device can tolerate the mechanical environment or whether external vibration may affect readings.
- Size, power, and sensing axes: practical constraints that depend on the implementation and intended system.
As one model-specific example, Fraunhofer ENAS lists typical parameters for the sensors it describes: a ±450 °/s rate range, 5 °/h resolution (also given as 14 mdps), in-run bias stability below 1 °/h, angle random walk below 0.03 °/√h, and an operating range of −40 °C to 85 °C. These are figures for the sensors described by Fraunhofer ENAS, not universal CVG specifications.
Specifications also depend on operating conditions and the particular product. For a concrete commercial sensor example, Analog Devices’ ADXRS300 product information describes a specific angular-rate sensor; its stated range and conditions should be read as model-specific, not generalized to the CVG category.
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Where CVGs are used
Technical and manufacturer sources describe vibratory gyroscopes in automotive motion sensing, inertial measurement, platform stabilization, navigation-related systems, and consumer devices. These are application areas, not a guarantee that any sensor carrying the CVG label meets a given system’s accuracy, environmental, safety, or qualification requirements. Selection depends on the individual model’s specifications and the application.
For an accessible overview of drive and sense modes, see Zurich Instruments’ MEMS gyroscopes page. PASCO’s MEMS gyroscope explanation offers an introductory account of vibrating silicon-beam sensing.
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