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A free scan shows the junk files, broken settings and background clutter dragging Windows down - then fixes them in one click.Free scan · Windows 10 & 11Batteries are the better-supported choice for storing substantial energy in a compact space; supercapacitors are better suited to rapid power delivery and frequent cycling. Concrete supercapacitors—sometimes called “concrete batteries”—are a research-stage attempt to combine energy storage with a load-bearing material. They have working prototypes, but they are not a proven, commercially available replacement for batteries or a demonstrated way to power buildings.
What is a concrete supercapacitor?
It is a cement-based material designed to store electrical charge while retaining structural function. In the 2023 approach studied by Chanut and colleagues at the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), cement, water and carbon black form a conductive, fractal-like network as the cement hydrates. Charge is stored at the carbon surface. This is a supercapacitor, not a battery with cement substituted for a conventional battery material.
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The 2025 work by Stefaniuk and colleagues, also published in PNAS, examined the conductive network at nanoscale, tested electrolyte formulations, added electrolyte during mixing to make thicker electrodes, and stacked cells to raise voltage. The paper reports a 12 V, 50 F module and a 9 V load-bearing arch prototype. These are functional research prototypes, not commercial building installations.
In practical terms, the idea is to make structural elements—such as walls or other building components—serve a second purpose as electrical storage. That could be useful where the volume of a structure is available and the dual function has value. It does not mean ordinary concrete stores electricity, or that a home can currently be powered by a concrete foundation.
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How much energy can energy-storing concrete hold?
Published figures depend on the material formulation and measurement conditions. The reported concrete values below are volumetric, in watt-hours per cubic metre (Wh/m³); the DOE figure for a conventional electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) is gravimetric, in watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg). Those units describe different bases, so the figures cannot be ranked as if they were like-for-like.
| Material or result | Reported capacity | What the figure describes |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon–cement supercapacitor, Chanut et al., PNAS, 2023 | Approximately 20–220 Wh/m³ | Projected volumetric capacity range dependent on the specific surface area of the carbon black. The paper used about 45 m³ as an illustrative estimate for roughly 10 kWh of average daily residential energy consumption; this was an extrapolation, not a tested house foundation. |
| Carbon–cement supercapacitor, Stefaniuk et al., PNAS, 2025 | About 210–230 Wh/m³ | Reported for tested potassium chloride (KCl) electrolyte conditions in rate-independent measurements. |
| Improved ec³ formulation, MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub report, 2025 | Over 2 kWh/m³ | Institutional report for a research formulation using an organic electrolyte. MIT says about 5 m³ would be needed for its cited average-home daily-energy example. |
| Conventional EDLC example, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 2023 | Less than 8 Wh/kg | A gravimetric baseline characterization for a conventional supercapacitor class, not a measurement of concrete ec³. |
Do not interpret the table as showing that concrete supercapacitors have become more energy-dense than batteries. The concrete figures are formulation-specific and volumetric; the EDLC figure is gravimetric; and the sources do not establish a matched comparison using the same measurement boundary, packaging, voltage or usable capacity. MIT’s 2025 report says batteries still have higher energy density. That advantage matters when storage must fit into a small, lightweight package.
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Do concrete supercapacitors last longer than batteries?
There is no validated service-life figure for ec³ in the cited work. The 2025 MIT report says the material could in principle be incorporated into architectural elements and last as long as the structure. That is a possible future advantage, not established decades-long performance or an engineering guarantee. The reviewed studies do not establish field aging, cycle life over a defined operating duty, replacement intervals, or long-term structural and electrical durability.
For conventional devices, high cycle life and fast charge and discharge are established class-level advantages of supercapacitors. DOE’s 2023 assessment gives up to one million cycles for one conventional EDLC example; this is not an ec³ result and should not be generalized to every supercapacitor. DOE describes lithium-ion batteries as having lower cycle life and slower charge and discharge than supercapacitors, while providing much higher energy density. These are technology-class comparisons, not results from a matched product test.
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Which is better for different jobs?
| Need | Better-supported fit | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Fast power delivery, rapid charge and discharge, or frequent short cycles | Conventional supercapacitor | DOE characterizes conventional supercapacitors as high-power devices with fast response and high cycle life. |
| Compact storage of substantial energy over longer periods | Battery | Batteries have substantially higher energy density; DOE describes supercapacitors as a poor fit for stand-alone long-duration storage. |
| Storage built into a structure, where space is available and structural function also matters | Concrete supercapacitor as a research direction | MIT and PNAS report prototypes that combine load-bearing demonstrations with electrical storage. Architectural deployment remains prospective. |
| Applications needing sustained energy as well as quick response | A battery–supercapacitor hybrid may be considered | DOE notes that their complementary characteristics may benefit hybrid systems when controls are optimized for the specific use case. |
The concrete approach is most interesting when storage can be integrated into a structure rather than squeezed into a small enclosure. For a typical consumer choice—such as storing energy for a home or portable device—the cited evidence does not establish concrete ec³ as a market-ready option. A hybrid system is a design possibility, not a claim that every grid or building application needs one.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What is still unknown about building-scale use?
The prototypes show that cement-based components can store charge and, in the reported arch demonstration, support mechanical loads. They do not establish installed cost, a warranty, a building-code pathway, commercial availability or proven performance in a building-scale installation. The available evidence also does not establish a net environmental advantage over a battery system. Concrete can have a substantial environmental footprint, so any sustainability benefit would need to be evaluated across the full storage system and its lifecycle, not inferred from multifunctionality alone.
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