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Common Red-Team Scenarios for Major-Event Security Assurance

Choose event-specific cyber and cyber-physical scenarios, use tabletops to test decisions and coordination, and keep any technical red-team assessment explicitly authorized and scoped.
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Major-event security training should test whether cyber, event-operations, communications, and physical-security teams can detect a problem, make decisions, coordinate a response, and restore essential services. Start with scenarios that match the event’s actual systems and dependencies—not a checklist that assumes every event faces the same risks. A tabletop can test decisions without live intrusion; any technical red-team assessment must be authorized, scoped, and coordinated with system owners.

Which scenarios belong in a major-event exercise?

CISA’s exercise materials cover phishing, ransomware, insider threats, and industrial control system (ICS) compromise, alongside physical-security and cyber-physical scenarios. Use that range as a starting menu, then select cases based on the event’s technology, facilities, vendors, and operating requirements. ICS compromise is relevant when operational technology is part of the environment; it need not be included in every event exercise.

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Scenario Event-assurance concern Useful exercise question
Phishing or credential compromise Could expose accounts or systems used by event staff, contractors, or service providers. What signals would prompt investigation, who can restrict access, and how would affected teams be notified?
Ransomware Could disrupt essential business systems or services that event operations depend on. Which functions must continue, who decides whether to isolate affected services, and what continuity arrangements apply?
Insider threat Could involve misuse of authorized access or information relevant to event operations. Who receives and assesses a concern, and how are security, HR, legal, and operational responsibilities coordinated under the organization’s plans?
ICS or operational-technology compromise May matter where event facilities rely on operational technology; consequences can cross from digital systems into physical operations. Which operational owners assess safety and service impacts, and how do they coordinate with cyber responders?
Cyber-physical disruption A digital incident or physical-security disruption may affect the other domain and require a joined response. When do cyber and physical-security leads share command, information, and communications responsibilities?

These are planning prompts, not predictions that a particular event will experience any one threat. CISA’s materials establish a range of exercise scenarios; they do not prescribe one universal scenario set or a single major-event security-assurance standard.

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How should organizers choose among scenarios?

Rank candidate scenarios against the event’s own dependencies and the response decisions the exercise is meant to test. The following comparison is a practical planning approach, not a scoring model prescribed by CISA.

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  • Safety and essential operations: Identify which attendee-safety functions and event services could be affected, and how quickly disruption would matter.
  • Technology and dependencies: Map the systems, communications, vendors, facilities, and third parties each function relies on. Include dependencies that are outside the organizer’s direct control.
  • Environment-specific exposure: Consider the organizer’s actual access arrangements and technology environment rather than assuming that a scenario is likely simply because it appears in a catalogue.
  • Testable response: Prefer scenarios that require participants to exercise a defined decision, control, escalation path, handoff, or recovery process.

A scenario is especially useful when it crosses organizational boundaries—for example, when an IT decision has implications for event operations or physical security. Include the relevant vendor or system owner where their actions or information would be needed in a real response.

What can a tabletop exercise test?

A tabletop tests plans and coordination through discussion, without requiring a live intrusion. CISA’s Tabletop Exercise Package: Exercise Planner Handbook (2021) defines a tabletop exercise as “a facilitated discussion of a scripted scenario in an informal, stress-free environment that is based on current applicable policies, plans, and procedures.” The facilitator introduces the situation and subsequent updates; participants discuss the actions they would take under their plans.

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Set objectives and boundaries

Before writing the scenario, specify what the exercise should evaluate: for example, detection and escalation, coordination between cyber and physical-security leads, continuity decisions, or communications with stakeholders. State what is in scope and what is not. This keeps the discussion focused and distinguishes a training exercise from an operational test.

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Bring the decision-makers and owners together

Invite the people responsible for security, IT, event operations, communications, and relevant vendors or facilities. Assign a facilitator and someone to record decisions, handoffs, information needs, and plan gaps. Participants should use their actual policies and procedures rather than inventing idealized responses during the session.

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Use staged updates to expose dependencies

Present a scripted opening and then add information that requires a decision. An update might change the apparent operational impact or introduce a communications dependency; it should prompt participants to explain what they would do, who has authority, and whom they would involve. CISA’s exercise materials provide planner templates and scenarios that can help stakeholders examine plans and capabilities.

Capture actions and gaps

Record the decision, responsible role, information needed, and any handoff or dependency that shaped it. Distinguish a confirmed plan or control from an assumption. After the exercise, turn unresolved questions into assigned follow-up actions, such as clarifying escalation ownership or updating a communications procedure.

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How is a technical red-team assessment different?

A tabletop asks participants to reason through a scenario; a technical red-team assessment evaluates defensive capabilities through an authorized, coordinated assessment. CISA’s 2023 advisory describes an example in which CISA worked with the assessed organization to evaluate cyber detection and response. The assessment began with spearphishing and moved laterally toward sensitive business systems. It is a defensive case study, not a template for reproducing techniques against event systems.

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Use the example to ask what defenders would expect to observe and how they would respond: whether monitoring would surface relevant activity, whether access controls and phishing-resistant multi-factor authentication (MFA) would reduce risk, how escalation would work, and how controls would be validated. CISA’s advisory highlights monitoring, phishing-resistant MFA, and control validation as defensive improvements. It does not establish that every organization has the same systems, exposure, or response requirements.

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Any live assessment must have explicit authorization, a defined scope, and coordination with event leadership and system owners. Document which systems and activities are included, who can approve changes to the assessment, and how the team will communicate if an unexpected impact or safety concern arises. A published assessment example is not permission to test systems without authorization.

How should cyber response connect to event operations?

Build the exercise around the organization’s actual responsibility map. A cyber issue may require operational decisions, while a physical-security disruption may affect systems or communications. The exercise should make clear who assesses each impact, who has decision authority, and how information moves between teams and stakeholders.

  • Event operations: Identify which event functions depend on affected services and who can make continuity decisions.
  • Physical security and safety: Establish when cyber responders must involve physical-security or safety leads, and how operational concerns are communicated.
  • Communications: Identify who coordinates internal and external messaging, which facts must be confirmed, and what communication channels the response relies on.
  • Vendors and facilities: Clarify who contacts each provider, what information they need, and how their response connects to the organizer’s process.
  • Recovery: Identify who determines that a service can return to use and how recovery dependencies are checked.

These connections are planning considerations for an event-specific exercise, not a universal command structure. Adapt roles and procedures to the organizer’s plans and applicable local requirements.

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What should a useful exercise produce?

The value of the exercise is in the decisions and improvements it reveals, not in how dramatic the scenario sounds. A useful record lets the organization see where a response depends on an unclear authority, missing information, an unavailable contact, or an untested assumption.

  • Document decisions and the roles responsible for them.
  • Record escalation points, handoffs, and communications dependencies.
  • Separate established procedures from assumptions participants made during discussion.
  • Assign each identified gap an owner and a follow-up action.
  • Use a later exercise or review to check whether important changes have been made and understood.

CISA’s federal exercise resources offer a foundation for scenario and tabletop planning, but they do not replace jurisdiction-specific legal, venue, or event requirements. Organizers should align exercise boundaries and response procedures with the plans and obligations that apply to their own event.

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