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Repair common Windows errors and clear accumulated junk for a smoother, more stable PC - no reinstall needed.Free scan · no reinstallCall by name is an evaluation strategy that passes a function an unevaluated expression and evaluates it only when the function uses its parameter. If the parameter is never used, the expression may never run. Unlike call-by-need, call-by-name does not necessarily save the result, so using the parameter repeatedly can repeat the calculation.
What call by name means
In call-by-name evaluation, a function begins executing without first reducing its argument to a value. The argument remains an expression, evaluated in the caller’s environment when the corresponding parameter is needed. In formal lambda calculus, this is commonly described as substituting the unevaluated argument into the function body while avoiding variable capture. Programming Language Foundations in Agda, Keio’s parameter-passing notes, and the University of Colorado Boulder course text describe this evaluation behavior.
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The practical result is that an argument’s timing depends on whether—and when—the function uses it. This is different from call-by-value, where the argument is evaluated before the function body starts.
How call by name behaves in an example
An unused argument
Suppose f(x) = 1, and the argument supplied for x would fail if evaluated. With call by name, the function can return 1 without evaluating that argument, because its body never uses x. This is why deferred evaluation can avoid work or avoid an error when the argument is unnecessary.
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A short-circuiting condition
The Magma handbook illustrates the same principle with false and (4/0 eq 6): the result is false because the second operand is not needed, so the division by zero is avoided. This is documented behavior for that operator in Magma; it should not be read as a blanket statement that every language evaluates every construct this way. Magma’s evaluation documentation explains the example.
A parameter used more than once
If a function uses a parameter three times and its argument performs an expensive calculation, call by name may evaluate that calculation three times—once for each use. Whether this makes a program slower depends on the calculation, how often the parameter is used, and the implementation; there is no fixed performance penalty. The OCaml tutorial and Harvey Mudd College course notes discuss the cost of repeated evaluation.
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Call by name vs. call by value and call by need
| Strategy | When evaluation begins | If the parameter is used repeatedly | Main trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|
| Call by value | Before the function body begins | The computed value is reused | May evaluate an argument the function never needs |
| Call by name | When the function uses the parameter | The expression may be evaluated again at each use | Can skip unneeded work, but may repeat a calculation |
| Call by need | When the parameter is first needed | The first result is stored and reused | Defers work while sharing the result to avoid repeating it |
Call by need is therefore not just another name for call by name. Both delay argument evaluation, but call by need memoizes the result after the first evaluation. Aalto University’s Programming 1 glossary identifies Scala by-name parameters and Haskell call-by-need as examples; the exact behavior depends on the language construct, not merely on how lazy the source code appears.
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These terms are related but not interchangeable. In lambda calculus, call by name contracts an outer function application without evaluating its argument first. The PLFA formal treatment presents call by name as a deterministic strategy for computing values of untyped lambda-calculus terms. The University of Notre Dame course notes distinguish call by name from normal order: call by name does not reduce inside lambda abstractions and stops when it reaches a value, whereas normal-order evaluation can continue reducing inside abstractions.
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Where the term appears in programming languages
Call-by-name behavior may be a language-wide evaluation strategy, or a feature limited to particular parameters, operators, or constructs. For example, Aalto’s glossary discusses Scala by-name parameters, while Magma documents call-by-name behavior for selected operators. These examples do not establish that every function call or operator in either language uses the same rule. When working with a particular language or compiler, consult documentation for the exact feature and version.
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