Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsTo add Monkey syntax highlighting in Neovim, you need more than a list of colored keywords: create a Tree-sitter grammar, test its syntax trees against a corpus, write highlight queries, then connect the parser and .monkey filetype to Neovim. Segni Adeba’s tutorial walks through that pipeline for Monkey, the language from Thorsten Ball’s Writing An Interpreter In Go.
Why start with Monkey’s interpreter AST?
A grammar defines which sequences of characters count as valid syntax and how they fit together. Monkey already has an interpreter, so its abstract syntax tree (AST) offers a practical map of the language: statements, expressions, literals, and their relationships. The Tree-sitter grammar translates those concepts into a concrete syntax tree that an editor can inspect while a file is being edited.
This is a translation between two parser designs, not a replacement of the interpreter. Monkey’s interpreter uses a Pratt parser to handle expressions; Tree-sitter uses grammar rules and precedence declarations to describe how syntax should be grouped. The tutorial’s strategy is to carry over the language’s existing structure and binding rules rather than invent a second, inconsistent definition.
For readers who want background on the language, the official book site describes how Writing An Interpreter In Go builds Monkey and covers lexers, parsers, ASTs, and Pratt parsing. The paperback is optional; it is not a prerequisite for Tree-sitter or Neovim.
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Build the grammar from the language outward
The tutorial starts with a small grammar skeleton: a source-file root, statements, expressions, identifiers, and integers. It then expands that foundation to represent Monkey’s statements and expression forms. This incremental approach makes it easier to see whether each new rule captures the intended language structure.
Represent statements and expressions
Rules for let and return statements establish the basic shape of Monkey programs. Expression rules then cover the language’s literals and operations. Tree-sitter nodes can expose useful fields, such as the name or value associated with a construct, so later queries can target meaningful parts of a syntax tree rather than relying only on token positions.
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Handle keywords and abstract expression categories
The grammar uses a word setting to help Tree-sitter distinguish keywords from identifiers. It also defines expression as a supertype: an abstract category useful in grammar design and queries, without requiring an extra visible node for every expression wrapper.
Translate precedence from the Pratt parser
Binary operators are marked left-associative, and prefix, call, and index expressions receive precedence appropriate to their binding behavior. Those precedence levels reflect Monkey’s own expression rules; their numeric values are grammar-specific, not universal settings to copy unchanged into another language.
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Tree-sitter’s parser-creation guide explains how grammar rules are turned into parsers. When adapting a grammar, compare the resulting tree for expressions with the interpreter’s intended grouping—for example, whether a call or index belongs to the expected expression—rather than assuming that a parser-generator configuration automatically matches the language.
Use a corpus as an executable grammar specification
A Tree-sitter corpus pairs source snippets with expected S-expression representations of their syntax trees. The input shows what the parser receives; the expected tree records how the grammar should interpret it. As the grammar changes, those paired examples make structural regressions visible.
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“The corpus is the spec,” writes Adeba. The tutorial reports 70 corpus cases passing with tree-sitter test. That is the author’s result for the project run described in the article, not an independently rerun test or a statement about the repository’s current state.
The examples also include malformed code. That matters for an editor: a parser should be useful while someone is midway through typing, not only after every delimiter and expression is perfect. Tree-sitter trees can represent errors and missing nodes; its query syntax documentation describes how such nodes may appear. Corpus cases can therefore check whether surrounding structure remains available when an input contains a syntax error.
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Assign highlight captures with queries
A grammar answers what the syntax is; a highlight query says which syntax nodes should receive editor captures. Tree-sitter queries use S-expression patterns over syntax-tree nodes. Patterns can also constrain matches by fields, which helps distinguish a node’s name or parameter from other children with similar shapes.
Adeba’s queries assign captures to categories including functions, parameters, properties, constants, variables, keywords, booleans, numbers, and strings. The query documentation describes the pattern syntax and field constraints; the editor uses the resulting captures as inputs to its highlighting system. Keeping grammar design and highlight assignment separate lets you refine the tree without encoding every visual decision into lexical rules.
Connect the parser to Neovim
The tutorial’s Neovim setup registers .monkey as a filetype and provides parser installation information. Its example points to the grammar’s repository subdirectory and the directory containing its queries. Because the grammar lives within a larger interpreter repository, installing it downloads more than just the grammar itself.
Use the tutorial’s configuration as an implementation example, not a guarantee that every current Neovim setup accepts identical configuration syntax. Neovim and nvim-treesitter interfaces can change; consult the current Neovim Tree-sitter documentation and the documentation for the version of nvim-treesitter you use before copying parser-registration settings.
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Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Part 1 focuses on parsing and highlighting. Adeba describes later work as adding LSP features; those are a separate layer, not something provided merely by adding the grammar and queries.
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