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Scaffold a React app with Vite
Use Vite’s current React template instructions rather than treating setup commands or runtime requirements as permanent; they can change. The official Vite Getting Started guide covers project creation, development, and production builds. After creating the app from its React template, keep the example focused: one board component, a few columns, and card actions that update the board.
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Choose a board data shape
For a small board, store each column’s cards in that column. This keeps rendering and the common within-column operations straightforward:
const initialBoard = [
{
id: "todo",
title: "To do",
cards: [
{ id: "card-1", title: "Draft project outline" },
{ id: "card-2", title: "Review requirements" }
]
},
{ id: "doing", title: "In progress", cards: [] },
{ id: "done", title: "Done", cards: [] }
];Column and card IDs identify the items independently of their current positions. Do not use an array index as a card’s identity: moving or inserting a card changes its position, not which card it is. React’s Rendering Lists guide explains why stable keys help React track items as lists change.
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A normalized alternative stores cards separately and refers to their column and order. That can make cross-column moves and future persistence easier to reason about, but it introduces more bookkeeping than this small example needs. Choose it when cards are shared across views or board operations have outgrown simple nested arrays.
Render columns and cards from the board state
Keep the changing board data in React state, and render each repeated element from its array. A component split such as Board, Column, Card, and CardForm keeps presentation and actions readable. Put update functions in the lowest shared owner that needs to coordinate changes across columns; for a modest board, ordinary functions are enough. Consider a reducer if the growing set of related transitions becomes hard to follow.
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function Board() {
const [board, setBoard] = useState(initialBoard);
return (
<main className="board" aria-label="Project board">
{board.map((column) => (
<Column
key={column.id}
column={column}
onAddCard={addCard}
onDeleteCard={deleteCard}
onMoveCard={moveCard}
/>
))}
</main>
);
}Use key={column.id} and key={card.id} on the elements returned from the corresponding map() calls. Stable keys matter especially when a card is inserted, removed, or moved. React’s list guidance describes keys as the way React associates rendered items with their identities.
Update state immutably for each action
State should contain the minimum changing information needed to represent the board. Calculate display-only values, such as the number of cards in a column, from the current arrays instead of storing duplicate counts. React’s Thinking in React and Adding Interactivity guides explain state and derived values; Updating Arrays in State shows non-mutating update patterns.
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Write new arrays and objects rather than changing the existing state in place. For example, an add action can append a new card to the selected column:
function addCard(columnId, title) {
const trimmed = title.trim();
if (!trimmed) return;
const card = { id: crypto.randomUUID(), title: trimmed };
setBoard((current) =>
current.map((column) =>
column.id === columnId
? { ...column, cards: [...column.cards, card] }
: column
)
);
}For editing, map over the selected column’s cards and return a copied card with the changed title. For deletion, filter out the matching card ID. Both operations should preserve all unaffected columns and cards by returning their existing values rather than mutating them.
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Move a card while preserving identity
With nested arrays, a cross-column move removes the card from its source list and adds that same card object to the destination list. This example places it at the end of the destination column:
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function moveCard(cardId, fromColumnId, toColumnId) {
if (fromColumnId === toColumnId) return;
setBoard((current) => {
const source = current.find((column) => column.id === fromColumnId);
const card = source?.cards.find((item) => item.id === cardId);
if (!card) return current;
return current.map((column) => {
if (column.id === fromColumnId) {
return { ...column, cards: column.cards.filter((item) => item.id !== cardId) };
}
if (column.id === toColumnId) {
return { ...column, cards: [...column.cards, card] };
}
return column;
});
});
}The ID stays the same when the card changes columns; only its location changes. If the interface also supports reordering within a column, define the desired insertion position explicitly and update that array without using the position as identity.
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Make every board action usable by keyboard
Use semantic buttons and form controls with descriptive accessible names, and ensure all actions can be reached and activated with a keyboard. If the board offers drag-and-drop, provide a keyboard-accessible alternative such as a move menu or explicit “Move to…” controls. Both interaction paths should call the same state update logic so the board cannot drift into inconsistent results.
Give keyboard focus a visible style, use a logical focus order, and do not rely on color alone to communicate a column’s status or a card’s priority. W3C WAI’s Accessibility Principles and Keyboard Accessible guidance cover semantic structure, meaningful controls, visible focus, and keyboard operation. The exact keyboard interaction for a Kanban board depends on the controls you choose, so define and validate it as part of the implementation.
Use plain CSS for hierarchy and responsive layout
CSS can provide the board’s structure without a framework: use a flex or grid layout for columns, a clear gap between them, and a distinct card surface within each column. Let a wide board scroll horizontally on narrow screens rather than squeezing cards until their content is hard to read. Keep focus styles visible, use spacing and typography to distinguish titles from controls, and pair any status color with text or another non-color cue.
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Keep layout and visual styling separate from the board’s data transitions. The React state describes which cards belong to which columns; CSS controls how that information is displayed. This makes it easier to adjust the board’s appearance without changing the action logic.
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