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Boeing Starliner vs. SpaceX Crew Dragon: How the Spacecraft Compare

Crew Dragon and Starliner share a NASA transportation role, but differ in launch and landing systems—and in current certification status.
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NASA’s Crew Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner are designed to carry astronauts and cargo to low Earth orbit, including the International Space Station, but they differ in how they launch, escape an emergency, and return to Earth. As of October 3, 2026, NASA says Dragon is certified and flying regular crew missions; Starliner is still working through certification after anomalies on its 2024 crewed test flight.

At a glance: the main differences

Comparison SpaceX Crew Dragon Boeing Starliner
NASA program status Certified and flying regular ISS crew missions Certification work continues after the 2024 Crew Flight Test anomalies
Launch vehicle SpaceX Falcon 9 United Launch Alliance Atlas V
Designed passenger capacity Up to seven passengers Up to seven passengers
NASA crew configuration Up to four crew members Up to four NASA crew members
Spacecraft arrangement Crew capsule and unpressurized trunk Reusable crew capsule and service module
Launch-abort system Eight SuperDraco engines in an integrated abort system Pusher system with four launch-abort engines
Earth landing Parachute-assisted splashdown Parachutes and airbags for a ground landing

These are NASA-described configurations, not a performance ranking. Designed passenger capacity is not the same as the crew count NASA uses for its missions. NASA’s spacecraft overview and its Commercial Crew Program press kit describe the vehicles and their planned configurations.

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How each spacecraft is built and operated

Crew Dragon: capsule plus trunk

Dragon is an autonomous spacecraft for crew and critical cargo. Its crew capsule is attached to an unpressurized trunk that provides the rocket interface and carries solar arrays and a radiator. The trunk remains attached during the orbital portion of a mission and is discarded shortly before reentry.

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NASA describes Dragon as having Draco maneuvering thrusters, environmental control and life support, and an integrated launch-abort system with eight SuperDraco engines. NASA says the abort system is available from the launch pad through orbital insertion. The spacecraft can carry up to seven passengers by design, while NASA missions carry up to four crew members. NASA describes the vehicle as monitored and controllable by the onboard crew and SpaceX mission control. NASA’s press kit has further details on its design.

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Starliner: capsule plus service module

NASA identifies Boeing’s vehicle as CST-100 Starliner. “CST” stands for Crew Space Transportation, and “100” refers to the Kármán line, set at 100 kilometers. The autonomous spacecraft is intended to carry people and cargo to and from low Earth orbit.

For NASA ISS missions, the planned configuration is up to four NASA crew members and about 220 pounds of critical supplies, hardware, and research. NASA’s press kit says Starliner is designed to carry up to seven passengers and to be reused up to 10 times, with a six-month processing turnaround. Those reuse and turnaround figures are design claims, not a record of completed reuse cycles or demonstrated routine operations. The press kit also describes wireless internet and tablet interfaces for the crew, a pusher abort system, and parachutes and airbags for ground landings. NASA’s press kit provides the design details.

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Launch, abort, and landing are different

Dragon launches on SpaceX’s Falcon 9, while Starliner launches on ULA’s Atlas V. Their emergency escape systems also use different designs: Dragon’s integrated system uses SuperDraco engines, while Starliner’s pusher system uses launch-abort engines. NASA describes Dragon’s system as covering escape from the pad through orbital insertion; its Starliner materials describe the pusher system for launch and ascent escape.

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At the end of a mission, Dragon uses parachutes for a water landing, or splashdown. Starliner is designed to descend under parachutes and use airbags for a ground landing. The landing approaches entail different recovery settings; neither distinction alone establishes which spacecraft is safer overall. The configurations are described in NASA’s Commercial Crew Program press kit.

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Why Starliner returned from its 2024 test flight without its crew

Starliner’s first crewed test flight launched in June 2024 with two NASA astronauts and was initially planned to last eight to 14 days. Propulsion anomalies extended the mission to 93 days on orbit. NASA chose to return Starliner without its crew; the astronauts later returned to Earth aboard SpaceX’s Crew-9 mission in March 2025. NASA’s Commercial Crew overview reports 61 corrective recommendations for future crewed Starliner missions. NASA’s Commercial Crew overview describes the test and program work.

In announcing the uncrewed return in August 2024, NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said, “Spaceflight is risky, even at its safest and most routine. A test flight, by nature, is neither safe, nor routine.” His statement framed the decision to return Starliner without the astronauts; the incident and response are relevant to Starliner’s certification, but do not by themselves yield a comparative safety rate for the two spacecraft. NASA’s August 2024 decision announcement.

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Which spacecraft is flying astronauts to the ISS now?

NASA says Crew Dragon is certified and conducting regular astronaut missions to the station, while NASA and Boeing continue work toward Starliner certification. NASA’s FY 2027 budget request says Crew Dragon and Soyuz currently provide ISS crew transportation while Starliner works to resolve Crew Flight Test anomalies and complete certification. It also describes Starliner-1 as a cargo mission intended to validate upgrades following the test flight. These plans and status statements are time-sensitive and may change. NASA’s FY 2027 budget request.

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What the comparison can—and cannot—tell you

The available NASA materials support a comparison of mission status, architecture, launch vehicles, abort systems, and landing methods. They do not provide a like-for-like cost-per-seat figure, comparative failure rate, or quantified safety ranking for Dragon and Starliner. A simple “safer” or “cheaper” verdict would therefore go beyond the evidence cited here.

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Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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