Bedrock and Trellis split a WordPress site into two manageable layers. Bedrock is the Composer-managed application: WordPress core, plugins, themes and configuration live in a predictable project structure. Trellis is the Ansible-based infrastructure and deployment system: it prepares an Ubuntu VPS, configures web services, and publishes releases from Git. Used together, they provide reproducible server configuration, local/production parity, atomic releases and rollback without giving up control of your own server.
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The trade-off is operational responsibility. You need SSH access, a bare Ubuntu server, regular updates, backups and a plan for database changes. Trellis can make code deployments nearly interruption-free, but it does not install WordPress for you on a remote host or automatically solve database migrations.
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Bedrock and Trellis do different jobs
Think of the stack as an application layer and an infrastructure layer rather than two competing WordPress distributions.
Bedrock: the WordPress project
Bedrock reorganizes WordPress as a Composer project. WordPress core is a dependency instead of a collection of files manually copied into the document root, and Composer records the exact versions used by the site. Themes, plugins and other writable content sit under site/web/app/; the core files are under site/web/wp/. Environment-specific settings are kept outside the public web root, which makes a Git-based workflow easier to reason about.
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Because dependencies are declared in composer.json and locked in composer.lock, a new machine or release can install the same packages instead of relying on whatever happened to be uploaded last time. Bedrock’s deployment guidance requires running composer install from the Bedrock directory as part of every deployment process.
Trellis: the server and release system
Roots describes Trellis as a tool to create WordPress web servers and deploy WordPress sites. It uses Ansible playbooks and YAML variables to configure the operating system, web server, PHP, database and supporting services. Trellis can also provide an optional Lima-based virtual machine for local development, so the development environment can resemble production more closely.
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Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →Trellis connects that infrastructure to a Git repository. A deployment builds a new release, links shared files, runs checks and switches the live current symlink only after the new release is ready. Hooks around each stage let you add project-specific work without editing the core deployment logic.
| Layer | Primary responsibility | Typical files or commands |
|---|---|---|
| Bedrock | Application dependencies and WordPress project layout | composer.json, composer.lock, site/web/app/, site/web/wp/ |
| Trellis | Server provisioning, local parity and deployments | Ansible/YAML configuration, trellis provision, trellis deploy |
| Git repository | Versioned source and release trigger | Configured repository and branch |
| VPS | Runtime services and persistent data | Nginx, PHP-FPM, MariaDB, TLS and optional caches |
What the resulting VPS includes
The current Trellis product description targets Ubuntu 24.04 and lists Nginx, PHP 8.3, MariaDB, Let’s Encrypt, Composer, WP-CLI, Memcached, Fail2ban and ferm. Redis and FastCGI micro-caching are optional features. The exact capacity of a server still depends on the VPS plan and the traffic, media and background jobs your site generates; Trellis does not turn a small machine into unlimited infrastructure.
Trellis configures the services and their relationships, but you remain responsible for choosing an appropriately sized instance, monitoring disk and memory, and arranging backups for both the database and uploaded files. A deployment can recreate software configuration; it cannot recreate data that was never backed up.
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Prerequisites for remote provisioning
Current remote-server guidance requires a bare, stock Ubuntu 24.04 LTS server and SSH access. “Bare” matters: Trellis is intended to manage the machine from the operating-system level and cannot provision a shared or managed host where you do not control those services.
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- A new Ubuntu 24.04 LTS VPS with a public hostname or address.
- An SSH user and public key access from your administration machine.
- A local checkout containing the Trellis configuration and the Bedrock-based
site/directory. - DNS control for the domain names you will point at the server.
- A Git repository reachable by the deployment process, with the intended production branch.
- A backup and recovery plan for the database and
web/app/uploads(or your chosen shared upload path).
Before provisioning, copy the site configuration into the target environment, set the server hostname and add the public SSH keys. Consider disabling root login after confirming that your administrative account works. Then run trellis provision <environment>, replacing <environment> with the environment name you configured, commonly production.
Provisioning a VPS step by step
- Create or obtain the server. Trellis documents integrations with DigitalOcean and Hetzner Cloud. You can create a machine through a provider’s console, or use
trellis server create productionwhen the provider integration and required API token are configured. - Prepare SSH. Add your public key to the environment configuration, verify that you can connect to the new host, and use a non-root administrative account where possible.
- Set the hostname and site variables. Define the production hostname, domain names, web root and other environment values in Trellis’s YAML configuration. Keep secrets out of the repository and supply them through the mechanism documented for your setup.
- Run provisioning. Execute
trellis provision production(or your environment name). Ansible installs and configures the operating system services, firewall rules and WordPress runtime. - Verify the base server. Confirm that Nginx responds for the expected host, PHP-FPM is running, TLS can be issued, and the database service is reachable before attempting the first application deployment.
Provisioning is repeatable: changing a variable and running it again should converge the server toward the declared configuration. It is not a substitute for testing changes on a staging machine first.
How a Trellis deployment works
Configure the site’s repository and branch in the target environment, then run trellis deploy production. The documented pipeline has six stages:
- Initialize: create the release context and prepare the target directories.
- Update: fetch the configured Git revision.
- Prepare: set up release-specific paths and permissions.
- Build: run the build hooks; the default build includes
composer installfrom the Bedrock directory. - Share: link persistent files and directories shared between releases, such as uploads and environment configuration.
- Finalize: check the WordPress installation and reload PHP-FPM, then move the
currentsymlink to the new release.
Hooks are available around these stages for tasks such as asset compilation, cache invalidation or application-specific checks. Keep hooks deterministic and fast: a failing hook should stop the release before the live symlink changes.
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Atomic releases and rollback
The live site continues using the previous release while the new one is built. Finalization changes the symlink, so visitors do not observe a half-copied application. This is the basis of Trellis’s out-of-the-box zero-downtime deployment model, once the site is configured correctly.
If a release fails after publication, run trellis rollback production. Trellis keeps five previous releases by default, giving you a short recovery window. Rollback restores application files and the symlink; it does not undo database writes made by a plugin or migration. Test rollback with a staging copy and retain independent backups.
What “zero downtime” does—and does not—cover
Atomic file switching avoids downtime caused by copying code into the live directory. It does not guarantee that every change is backward-compatible. A new PHP class can be deployed safely while the old database schema is still present, but a migration that removes a column before old code stops using it can break requests during the transition.
Plan database changes as a separate operation. Use additive, backward-compatible migrations where possible, run them before switching code, and schedule maintenance or a custom migration workflow when a schema change cannot be made safely while traffic continues. Trellis’s deployment guarantee explicitly excludes automatic database schema migrations.
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Trellis does not automatically install WordPress on a remote server. On the first deployment you may see the WordPress installation screen. At that point choose one of two paths:
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- Existing site: import the database dump, place the uploads and other shared files in the configured locations, set the database credentials and verify the site’s URLs before opening it to traffic.
- New site: complete the WordPress installation through the browser or WP-CLI, then create the initial administrator and site settings.
Database import, search-and-replace for a domain change, and schema migrations are operational tasks rather than automatic parts of the atomic release. Take a tested backup before each production change and confirm that scheduled jobs, media paths and outbound email work after the cutover.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Choosing a VPS provider
DigitalOcean and Hetzner Cloud are the providers named in current Trellis guidance. Both can be used as ordinary Ubuntu hosts, while the provider-aware command can create and provision a server when its API token is available. Provider pricing, locations, bandwidth limits and promotional credits change, so select a plan based on your region, storage needs and recovery requirements rather than a fixed price quoted in an older tutorial.
The Roots documentation currently displays a Hetzner Cloud referral offering $20 in cloud credits; availability, eligibility and terms are time-sensitive and may vary by geography. Treat that credit as a promotion, not as the normal operating cost.
One Trellis server or several?
A single Trellis instance can host multiple WordPress sites. Shared infrastructure is economical when the sites use similar PHP and Nginx settings, the same operations team and one provider. You provision once and maintain a common set of playbooks, while each site retains its own Bedrock project, database and release history.
Use separate Trellis instances when sites require different PHP versions or web-server policies, belong to different teams, use different providers, or need stronger failure isolation. Separation limits the blast radius of a provisioning mistake or a busy neighbor, but duplicates configuration and increases maintenance work.
| Arrangement | Advantages | Costs and risks |
|---|---|---|
| Several sites on one server and Trellis instance | Lower infrastructure cost; one provisioning and deployment control point | Shared CPU, memory and operating-system failure domain; settings must remain compatible |
| Separate server and Trellis instance per site or group | Independent tuning, teams, providers and incident boundaries | More servers, duplicated automation and higher administration overhead |
Self-hosted Trellis versus managed WordPress hosting
With a Trellis VPS, you control the operating system, PHP settings, Nginx configuration, firewall, deployment hooks and release retention. That control supports custom services and portable infrastructure, but you also patch the server, monitor it, rotate credentials, test backups and respond to outages.
A managed host such as Kinsta is a separate path: the provider operates the underlying platform and supplies its own deployment and support model. You give up some low-level control in exchange for less server administration. Bedrock can still be used where the host supports Composer-based deployments, but Trellis cannot provision a managed host because you do not control its base system.
| Decision factor | Trellis on your VPS | Managed hosting |
|---|---|---|
| Server access | SSH and root-level administration are available on your machine | Access and configuration are constrained by the provider |
| Portability | Ansible and YAML describe a portable Ubuntu setup | Migration follows the host’s tools and limits |
| Operations | You handle patching, monitoring, backups and incident response | The provider handles much of the platform maintenance |
| Deployments | Git-driven releases, hooks, atomic switch and rollback | Provider-specific deployment features |
| Database changes | You design and schedule migrations | The host may offer tools or support, but compatibility remains your responsibility |
| Cost model | VPS, storage, backups and your administration time | Subscription priced around managed service and support |
Operational checklist after launch
- Monitor disk space, memory, PHP-FPM health, database health and TLS expiry.
- Patch Ubuntu, PHP, Nginx, MariaDB and WordPress dependencies on a planned cadence.
- Back up the database and uploads separately; test restoring them on another machine.
- Keep SSH keys limited to people who need access and remove keys when roles change.
- Use Fail2ban and the configured firewall, but do not treat them as a replacement for updates or strong authentication.
- Test a deployment and a rollback on staging before changing production hooks.
- Document who can run provisioning, deployments and database imports, and record the recovery steps.
When this stack is a good fit
Choose Bedrock with Trellis when you want WordPress in Git, repeatable infrastructure, a development environment that can match production, and control over the VPS. It is especially useful for teams that deploy frequently or operate several sites with shared standards.
Choose a simpler managed arrangement when no one on the team can administer Linux, when provider support is more valuable than server-level control, or when database and deployment requirements are too small to justify maintaining Ansible and release workflows. The key decision is not whether Bedrock or Trellis is “better”; it is whether your team is prepared to own the operational layer that Trellis deliberately exposes.
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