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Use both when the review calls for both policy quality and an authorization decision. AWS IAM Access Analyzer validates policies and can flag best-practice concerns or compare policy changes; the IAM policy simulator evaluates whether selected actions on selected resources are allowed under the policies and context you provide. Neither, by itself, proves that a real Lambda operation will succeed.
First identify which Lambda permission you are reviewing: what the function can access through its execution role, or who can invoke it through the function’s resource-based policy. That distinction determines which policy to inspect and what to test.
Start by identifying the Lambda permission direction
Lambda permission reviews commonly involve two different policy surfaces. AWS describes the execution role as granting the function access to AWS services and resources. A function’s resource-based policy governs access to the function itself, including invocation.
- What the function can do: Review the execution role and its identity-based policies. For these permissions, simulate the role’s relevant API actions against the resource ARNs the function uses, supplying applicable condition context. Access Analyzer can validate the policy and, using CloudTrail activity over a chosen date range, help generate a least-privilege policy template. Review and test that template against the function’s actual workload before adopting it. AWS explains policy generation from access activity.
- Who can invoke or access the function: Review the Lambda function’s resource-based policy, including its principal,
lambda:InvokeFunctionaction, resource ARN (which may identify an alias or version), and source restrictions. AWS says that for invocation by an AWS service such as S3, Lambda considers only the function’s resource-based policy. For a user accessing a Lambda resource, both the user’s identity-based policy and the function’s resource-based policy are considered. See AWS’s explanation of Lambda resource-based policies.
Do not assume Access Analyzer has a general access preview for Lambda functions. AWS’s documented access-preview resource types include S3 buckets, KMS keys, IAM roles, SQS queues, and Secrets Manager secrets; Lambda functions are not listed. Check the current Access Analyzer feature and resource scope.
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Which tool answers your question?
| Review question | Best starting point | What it tells you | What it does not prove |
|---|---|---|---|
| Is the policy valid and does it raise AWS best-practice concerns? | Access Analyzer policy validation | Policy grammar and findings such as security warnings, errors, general warnings, and suggestions; checks can include ARN formatting, actions, and condition keys. | That a particular live request will succeed under all runtime conditions. AWS policy validation documentation. |
| Did a policy edit add access relative to a reference, or allow a specified action and resource? | Access Analyzer custom policy checks | Can compare a changed policy with a reference policy or check specified actions and resources. A custom check for new access incurs a charge per check. | That organization state and all runtime conditions are represented. These checks are environment-agnostic and have documented condition-key limits. AWS custom policy checks documentation. |
| Could a proposed policy expose a supported resource publicly or across accounts? | Access Analyzer access preview or a public-access custom check, depending on the question | Prospective findings for supported resource types; a public-access custom check can be run without analyzer context. | A preview for every AWS resource type, including Lambda functions. AWS access preview documentation. |
| Would this selected action on this resource be allowed with these policy and context inputs? | IAM policy simulator | An allow or deny decision for the simulated action and resource, with details that can identify the policy statement affecting the result. | A real service response, the actual production context, or guaranteed equivalence with live authorization. AWS policy simulator documentation. |
How to review an execution role with the simulator
- Choose the simulation mode. In the simulator, use Custom mode for a draft policy that has not been attached; policies pasted there are used for simulation and are not saved to the account. Use Principal mode to test policies attached to a user, role, or group, with options to include or exclude simulated policies or a permissions boundary.
- Select the role’s real operations and resources. Enter the actions the Lambda code calls and the resource ARNs it is expected to use. Avoid testing only broad actions or wildcard resources if the deployed policy is intended to be narrower.
- Supply relevant condition context. Check each policy statement’s
Conditionelements and provide the values needed to evaluate them. The simulator automatically populates some principal and organization context keys, but the operator must provide other required values; it does not know production request values. - Inspect the decision details. Review the allow or deny result and the policies or statements that drove it. Keep the selected actions, ARNs, and context values with your test notes so the decision’s assumptions remain clear.
- Verify in a controlled target environment. Exercise the actual workload after simulation. The simulator does not call the AWS service or return its response, and AWS says its results can differ from the live environment. AWS lists simulator behavior and limitations.
What the simulator does not model as a live Lambda request
The simulator evaluates the policy inputs and context supplied for the simulation; it does not execute the Lambda function or make the underlying AWS API call. AWS specifically notes that results can differ with advanced configurations such as VPC endpoint policies, role chaining, and multiple resource-based policies on one resource. The simulator does not support resource control policies (RCPs).
Coverage also depends on the principal and policy type. AWS documentation describes evaluation of identity-based policies, permissions boundaries, and service control policies (SCPs), with resource-based policies supplied as input in supported cases. The API limits resource-based-policy simulation for IAM roles, and it does not automatically fetch a resource policy. Make the assumed principal, caller, resource, and context explicit rather than treating a simulation as a complete account-wide authorization audit. See the API’s simulation constraints.
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Validate policies and review invoke grants separately
Access Analyzer policy validation is useful alongside simulation: it checks policy structure and reports findings, while simulation answers the selected allow-or-deny question. For a policy edit, a custom check can compare the change against a reference; for a proposed resource policy, use access preview only if the resource type is supported, or the relevant public-access check.
For an invoke permission, read the Lambda function’s current resource-based policy and verify the principal and source restrictions directly. Then test the intended invocation path in a controlled environment. A successful policy validation or simulator result alone is not evidence that every part of a real invocation path is configured correctly.
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Permissions needed to run the simulator
Simulator console access depends on the mode. Principal mode requires permissions to enumerate identities and read attached policy documents and boundaries, in addition to simulation permission. Custom mode can require fewer permissions when the user only needs to test policies they paste. AWS cautions that simulation permissions can reveal permissions granted to other IAM entities, so scope access to the people and resources that need it. See AWS’s simulator permission guidance.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Take care when replacing a Lambda resource policy
Lambda supports full JSON resource-based policies and individual permission statements. The PutResourcePolicy operation replaces the existing policy, while AddPermission adds an individual statement. AWS warns that replacement can overwrite statements created through AddPermission; retrieve and review the current policy before making a replacement. AWS documents Lambda resource policy operations.
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