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Start with the risks that code checks cannot settle
A smart contract can compile and pass a basic scan while still violating its economic design. Before reviewing individual functions, write down what must remain true about funds, balances, shares, collateral, fees, and state transitions. Document which external contracts and data sources the system trusts, what conditions make a transaction safe, and who can change configuration or implementation logic.
The scale of reported incidents is a reason to treat this as a release discipline, not a final checklist item. The OWASP Foundation says its 2025 Smart Contract Top 10 drew on analysis of 149 security incidents in named 2024 datasets, which collectively documented more than $1.42 billion in losses across decentralized ecosystems. Those figures describe the datasets behind that edition; they are not a forecast or an estimate of any particular contract’s risk.
Remediate the vulnerability classes most likely to undermine those invariants
Access control and administrator keys
List every function that can mint or burn tokens, move or withdraw funds, pause activity, change parameters, alter roles, or upgrade implementation logic. For each, specify the authorized caller and the exact state changes that caller may make. Enforce those rules in the contract with explicit ownership or role checks, and test that unauthorized callers are rejected.
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Keep privileges as narrow as the design permits. A multisignature can require several approvals for high-impact administrative actions, reducing dependence on one key; it does not remove the need to protect the keys or review the authorization logic. A hardware wallet can help protect administrator keys, but it cannot correct a flawed permission check or business rule.
Reentrancy and unchecked external calls
Inspect calls to other contracts and arbitrary addresses. During an external call, another contract may call back into the original contract before the first invocation finishes. Ask what state the callback can observe, whether it can enter the same or a different state-changing function, and whether the contract’s invariants still hold throughout that sequence.
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- Review the order of state changes and external calls, including callback paths across functions.
- Check how failed calls and unexpected return data are handled; do not assume every interaction succeeds as intended.
- Test with callback-capable adversarial contracts, not only ordinary user flows, and include repeated or cross-function interactions.
Ethereum.org describes reentrancy as a callback into a vulnerable contract before the original invocation completes. The important review question is not simply whether a function makes an external call, but whether any callback can observe or exploit an unsafe intermediate state.
Input validation, arithmetic, and business logic
Define valid input ranges and reject values outside them. Exercise boundaries, precision and rounding, units, and arithmetic assumptions. Checked arithmetic can catch certain numeric errors, but it cannot prove that a fee, share calculation, collateral rule, or state transition matches the intended economics.
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Write invariants for those rules and test both boundary values and adversarial sequences of transactions. OWASP’s 2026 taxonomy treats input validation, arithmetic errors, integer overflow or underflow, and business-logic flaws as distinct vulnerability classes; a single syntax-oriented check should not be expected to establish that all are safe.
Price oracles and flash-loan-assisted manipulation
For every oracle or external data source, document how its values are produced, how fresh they must be, and what liquidity or market assumptions the protocol relies on. Test whether an attacker could move a spot price, exploit a stale or thinly traded observation, or combine temporary capital with the protocol’s own mechanics to extract value.
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These are economic and system-level questions. OWASP’s 2026 taxonomy includes oracle manipulation and flash-loan-facilitated attacks; a clean static-analysis result does not validate a price source, liquidity assumption, or protocol incentive.
Proxies, initialization, and upgrades
If the system uses a proxy, review the complete deployment and upgrade path—not just the implementation contract. Confirm that initialization sets the intended roles and configuration, cannot be repeated by an untrusted caller, and cannot be abused to reset ownership or access controls. Review storage compatibility between implementation versions and restrict who may authorize an upgrade.
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An upgrade mechanism can provide a way to address some defects after deployment, but it creates privileged controls and initialization risks of its own. OWASP specifically highlights reinitialization that can reset ownership, configuration, or access control.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Use complementary analysis methods, not a single pass/fail signal
Ethereum.org names Aderyn, Mythril, and Slither as examples of tools for basic code analysis, and points to Echidna and Manticore for defining and checking security properties. The guidance identifies different approaches, not an apples-to-apples product ranking. A tool result is a prompt to reproduce and assess a finding; an empty report is not proof that the contract is correct.
| Approach | Useful for | What it does not establish by itself |
|---|---|---|
| Code-analysis tools, such as Aderyn, Mythril, and Slither | Finding code-level issues and review leads in analyzed code paths. | That protocol economics, oracle assumptions, or every execution path are safe. |
| Property or security-property analysis, such as Echidna and Manticore | Checking specified security properties against explored behavior. | That the properties fully capture the intended design or that all possible behaviors have been covered. |
| Independent human review | Examining architecture, assumptions, authorization, and implementation in context. | A guarantee against defects; the reviewer’s scope and independence still matter. |
When selecting or combining approaches, compare the vulnerability classes and execution paths covered, compiler and framework support, reproducibility in continuous integration, false-positive investigation effort, ability to exercise economic invariants and multi-transaction sequences, and the scope and independence of human review.
Follow a release workflow that makes unresolved risk visible
- Record invariants and trust assumptions. Describe required properties of funds and accounting, privileged callers, trusted external contracts and oracles, and available upgrade powers.
- Make the implementation reviewable. Keep source in version control, use pull requests, document architecture and interfaces, and arrange independent review.
- Test expected and hostile behavior in a development environment. Include unauthorized callers, boundary values, failed external calls, callbacks, repeated actions, and interactions across functions. Ethereum.org recommends testing before Mainnet and combining approaches because different tools catch different classes of defects.
- Run analysis and investigate every material finding. Use appropriate code-analysis and property-analysis methods, reproduce findings where possible, and record their disposition. Do not treat a clean scan as a security verdict.
- Review the build and deployment artifacts. Resolve compiler warnings; inspect constructor or initializer behavior, deployment parameters, and assigned roles; and confirm the deployed bytecode corresponds to the reviewed source. The verification steps depend on the chain and project, so establish the applicable checks for the target deployment.
- Apply a release gate. Set severity criteria before release and require a documented disposition for findings. Do not deploy with unresolved material issues simply because a deadline has arrived.
- Prepare operational response. Decide whether the system can be paused, upgraded, or migrated, who may trigger those actions, and how privileged keys are protected. Treat those capabilities as part of the threat model, not as a replacement for prevention.
What pre-deployment testing can—and cannot—promise
Ethereum.org calls testing smart contracts before deploying to Mainnet a minimum security requirement. Testing, analysis tools, resolved compiler warnings, and independent review reduce risk by examining different parts of the system; none guarantees safety. Public-chain deployment can leave a window for exploitation if a flaw is discovered and the contract cannot be changed quickly, so prevention and an explicit response plan both matter.
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