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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsSix response headers cover different browser behaviors: Content-Security-Policy (CSP) controls which resources a page can load; Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS) tells browsers to use HTTPS; X-Content-Type-Options prevents MIME sniffing; X-Frame-Options limits framing; Referrer-Policy controls referrer details; and Permissions-Policy restricts browser features. They are not interchangeable, and a header that is misconfigured can break legitimate site behavior. Add them at the response layer you control—such as your application, web server, CDN, or reverse proxy—and verify the resulting responses.
Which headers should you add?
| Header | What it controls | Key deployment consideration |
|---|---|---|
Content-Security-Policy |
Resources and document behaviors, including scripts, styles, and which sites may frame a page. | Must reflect the resources and integrations your site actually uses; test before enforcing. |
Strict-Transport-Security |
Whether browsers use HTTPS for the site. | Only serve it after HTTPS is correctly configured for the intended scope. |
X-Content-Type-Options |
Whether browsers respect declared MIME types instead of trying to infer them. | Set correct Content-Type values for served resources. |
X-Frame-Options |
Whether the page may appear in a frame, iframe, embed, or object. | Choose a setting compatible with legitimate embedding. |
Referrer-Policy |
How much referrer URL information accompanies requests. | Consider whether application flows depend on detailed referrer data. |
Permissions-Policy |
Which browser features a document and embedded frames may use. | Check current browser support and coordinate policy with iframe requirements. |
For a concise overview of these headers and their roles, see MDN’s HTTP headers reference.
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How to deploy and verify the headers
- Choose the response layer. Configure headers in the application, server, hosting control panel, CDN, or reverse proxy that sends the relevant responses. If more than one layer can modify headers, check the final response rather than assuming a setting took effect.
- Set policy based on actual behavior. Inventory the resources the site loads, the pages that must be embeddable, and browser features used by the site and its frames. Avoid copying a policy without adapting it.
- Inspect responses. Check important pages, redirects, and resource types to confirm the expected headers appear where intended. A setting applied to one response may not cover every route or asset.
- Exercise real site flows. Test scripts, styles, API calls, embeds, and other integrations after changes. Correct a policy or resource configuration when a legitimate feature stops working.
- Recheck after infrastructure changes. Hosting, CDN, reverse-proxy, framework, or third-party integration changes can affect response headers and policy requirements.
1. Content-Security-Policy: limit what a page can load
CSP lets site administrators control which resources a browser may load and can help guard against cross-site scripting. Directives govern different behaviors: default-src provides a fallback for fetch directives, script-src controls script sources, base-uri restricts URLs used by a document’s <base> element, and frame-ancestors controls which parents may embed the page. See MDN’s CSP reference for directive behavior and report-only mode.
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First identify the scripts, styles, images, fonts, APIs, and frames the site needs. Then define directives that permit those sources and deny what the site does not need. CSP can be delivered in report-only mode so violations can be observed before a policy is enforced; use that stage to find resources or integrations that an eventual policy would block.
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This is only a starting example, not a universal policy:
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; object-src 'none'; base-uri 'self'; frame-ancestors 'self'A real site may need changes for its scripts, styles, APIs, embedded content, or nonce and hash strategy. Do not enforce this example unchanged without checking the site: an overly restrictive policy can break it.
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2. Strict-Transport-Security: tell browsers to use HTTPS
HSTS tells browsers to use HTTPS instead of HTTP for the site. Serve it only after HTTPS is correctly configured across the scope you intend to protect. Decide whether subdomains should be included and assess domain readiness before pursuing preload. The appropriate duration, subdomain scope, and preload configuration depend on the deployment; do not copy those settings without reviewing that scope.
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3. X-Content-Type-Options: stop MIME sniffing
Set X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff so browsers use the declared MIME type rather than infer a different one. In particular, browsers can block script and stylesheet requests whose declared MIME types are unexpected. The header does not fix incorrect metadata: ensure JavaScript, CSS, and other served files have accurate Content-Type values. See MDN’s X-Content-Type-Options reference.
4. X-Frame-Options: control who can frame a page
X-Frame-Options controls whether a browser may render a document in a frame, iframe, embed, or object. It helps defend against unwanted embedding, including clickjacking.
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Choose based on whether embedding is a legitimate feature. For more comprehensive and flexible control, use CSP’s frame-ancestors directive; it can specify permitted framing parents. Preserve required integrations deliberately and test them after rollout. See MDN’s X-Frame-Options reference.
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Referrer-Policy controls how much referrer information accompanies requests. When no policy is set or its value is invalid, MDN documents strict-origin-when-cross-origin as the default: same-origin requests retain the URL, cross-origin secure requests receive only the origin, and less-secure destinations receive no referrer.
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Setting strict-origin-when-cross-origin explicitly makes the intended behavior clear. Check whether application flows depend on more detailed referrer information. Avoid unsafe-url unless disclosure of full source URLs is intentional, since paths or query strings may contain private information. See MDN’s Referrer-Policy reference.
6. Permissions-Policy: restrict browser features
Permissions-Policy lets a site allow or deny selected browser features in its document and embedded frames. For example, geolocation=() denies geolocation. Feature allowlists and iframe rules determine whether embedded content can use a feature.
List the features the site genuinely uses, deny unused features where appropriate, and align iframe permissions with the parent policy. MDN marks this header as having limited availability, so check current browser support before relying on it in production. See MDN’s Permissions-Policy reference.
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Quick Recap
Final checks before considering the work done
- Confirm the headers are present on the responses where you expect them, including relevant redirects and page or resource types.
- For CSP, observe report-only violations before enforcement and validate required resources after rollout.
- For
nosniff, verify declared MIME types as well as the header. - Test legitimate embeds and browser-feature use against the framing and permissions rules.
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