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There is no single cost ranking that applies to every FMCG or paint business. FMCG companies may be exposed to crops, edible oils, processed chemicals and several forms of packaging. Paint makers typically buy resins, solvents, reactants, titanium dioxide, pigments, additives and epoxy. The cost impact depends on each company’s formulas, product mix, contracts, geography, inventory timing, currency and ability to substitute materials.
Why the answer differs by company
Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) is a product category rather than one recipe. It includes food and beverages, household products, personal care, cosmetics and other frequently purchased goods. A skin-care manufacturer, a packaged-food producer and a detergent maker can therefore have almost no identical bill of materials. The same applies to paint: architectural coatings, automotive finishes, protective coatings and industrial powders use different binders, pigments and additives.
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A material can be important for one company and immaterial for another. A company may also report packaging together with ingredients, or include products bought for resale in the same cost category. That makes company disclosures useful for identifying exposure, but unsuitable for creating a universal league table of the “most expensive” raw materials across both sectors.
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FMCG: the main raw-material families
FMCG cost exposure usually falls into four connected groups: agricultural and food inputs, oils and processed chemicals, packaging, and materials used in formulation or processing. Beiersdorf’s 2025 value-chain description illustrates the breadth of a personal-care portfolio, but it is an example rather than a complete list for every FMCG company.
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| Input family | Examples named in company disclosures | What can move the cost |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and natural materials | Palm oil, soy, coconut, wood, natural rubber and tallow | Weather, crop yields, water availability, soil condition, disease, land-use and supply constraints |
| Food and formulation ingredients | Food ingredients and materials processed into emulsifiers, surfactants, oils, adhesives and other substances | Harvests, processing capacity, energy, supplier inventories, specifications and substitution options |
| Industrial chemicals and oils | Directly procured chemical products and processed oils | Feedstock prices, energy, plant outages, capacity, regulation and currency |
| Packaging | Plastic, aluminum, glass and paper | Resin and metal markets, pulp and energy costs, recycled-content rules, producer-responsibility fees, plastic taxes and transport |
Agricultural commodities are a supply-risk channel
Crop-based materials do not move only because of a quoted commodity price. Unilever’s 2025 sustainability reporting identifies extreme weather, water shortages, soil depletion and other nature-related pressures as threats to crop yields and raw-material supply. A poor harvest can raise prices, reduce available grades or force a manufacturer to qualify an alternative source. Conversely, a good harvest may not immediately lower a company’s cost if it is protected by a contract, hedge or existing inventory.
Ingredients are not the whole FMCG bill
In many products, processing chemicals and packaging can be as important as the consumer-recognized ingredient. A personal-care formula may require surfactants, emulsifiers, oils, preservatives, fragrances and adhesives. A beverage or food product adds ingredients, processing aids and a bottle, can, carton or pouch. Packaging is often reported with raw materials because it is consumed in making and selling the finished product, even though it is not an ingredient in the formula.
What Unilever’s reported figure does—and does not—show
Unilever’s Annual Report and Accounts 2025 reports €19,643 million for “raw and packaging materials and goods purchased for resale.” This is a company- and year-specific accounting category. It includes goods purchased for resale, so it should not be described as Unilever’s raw-material spend alone, nor as a benchmark for all FMCG companies.
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“The cost of our products is affected by the cost of the underlying commodities and materials from which they are made.” — Unilever, Annual Report and Accounts 2025
How FMCG material costs reach the income statement
The market price of an input is only the first step. A manufacturer’s cost of sales reflects the price actually paid under its contracts, the timing of purchases, freight and conversion, foreign-exchange rates, waste, yield and the amount of inventory consumed.
- Market movement: A crop, oil, chemical, metal or paper market changes because of supply, demand, weather, energy or regulation.
- Supplier pricing: The supplier passes through some or all of that change, often with a delay, index formula, surcharge or minimum volume.
- Company protection: Forward buying, financial hedges, long-term agreements and inventory can postpone or soften the effect.
- Formula and sourcing response: The company may approve substitute materials, alter a recipe, change packaging weight or qualify another supplier.
- Commercial response: Pricing, pack-size changes and promotional decisions determine how much of the increase reaches margins.
Unilever describes substitute materials in formulations and recipes, alternative supplies, forward buying and other hedging mechanisms, as well as pricing, as ways to manage commodity-price risk. Those tools reduce volatility; they do not eliminate exposure or guarantee that a lower market price appears immediately in reported costs.
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Paint and coatings: the core raw materials
Paint is built around a binder that holds the coating together, a carrier that controls application, pigments for color and opacity, and additives that adjust performance. PPG’s 2025 Form 10-K identifies resins, solvents, reactants, titanium dioxide, additives, epoxy and pigments among its most significant raw materials. It also says materials are PPG’s largest production-cost component, a statement about PPG rather than a universal measure for the coatings industry.
| Paint input | Role in a coating | Typical cost exposure described in the sources |
|---|---|---|
| Resins | Binders that form the film and determine adhesion, durability and chemical resistance | Often linked directly or indirectly to petroleum and other feedstocks; supplier capacity and formulation requirements also matter |
| Solvents | Carry the resin and control viscosity and application | Can be influenced by crude oil, natural gas, refinery output, energy and regional supply-demand conditions |
| Reactants | Materials that enable curing or chemical reactions | Specialty-chemical capacity, feedstocks, regulation and technical specifications |
| Titanium dioxide | High-opacity white pigment | Mineral processing capacity, energy, supply-demand balance, logistics and regional conditions |
| Other pigments | Color and functional properties | Mineral or organic feedstocks, purity requirements, capacity, currency and regulation |
| Additives | Control flow, drying, foaming, preservation and other performance attributes | Specialty-chemical availability, supplier concentration and formula-specific requirements |
| Epoxy | Resin or resin component used in durable protective systems | Feedstock, energy, chemical capacity and downstream demand |
Resins and solvents are important, but crude oil is not the whole story
CPM Group’s 2025 annual report says resins and solvents accounted for significant portions of its total raw-material cost. It also reports that lower crude-oil prices during 2025 had a positive effect on that company’s raw-material costs. This is a period-specific company disclosure, not evidence that every coating input or every paint maker moved in the same direction.
PPG cautions that some materials are several steps downstream from crude oil, natural gas and other feedstocks. The connection can therefore be indirect and delayed. A resin price may reflect chemical-plant utilization, a contract formula, inventories and regional shortages as much as the latest crude quotation. Titanium dioxide and many pigments are inorganic materials whose economics cannot be reduced to petroleum.
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What moves paint-material costs
- Feedstocks and energy: Petroleum, natural gas and electricity can affect organic chemicals, manufacturing and transport.
- Supplier inventories and capacity: Plant outages, maintenance, sanctions, shipping disruption or tight capacity can raise prices even when feedstock markets are stable.
- Industry demand: Construction, automotive production, industrial activity and renovation cycles change the call for coatings and their ingredients.
- Currency: A local manufacturer buying in another currency can see its cost rise even if the supplier’s currency price is unchanged.
- Tariffs and regulation: Import duties, chemical restrictions, emissions rules and product requirements can alter both price and available specifications.
- Formulation: A premium coating may require a higher-cost resin or pigment that cannot be replaced without sacrificing durability, color or compliance.
PPG summarizes this exposure by noting that raw-material prices can be affected by supplier feedstock costs and inventories, industry activity, currency movements, government regulation, tariffs, and global supply and demand. Use petroleum as one explanatory channel for paint inputs, not as a proxy for the entire material basket.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.FMCG versus paint: a useful comparison
| Comparison axis | FMCG | Paint and coatings |
|---|---|---|
| Typical input families | Agricultural commodities, food ingredients, oils, processed chemicals and packaging | Resins, solvents, reactants, titanium dioxide, pigments, additives and epoxy |
| Main natural or feedstock exposure | Crop yields, water, soil, oil and chemical feedstocks, pulp, metals and plastics | Petroleum and natural-gas derivatives, mineral inputs, energy and specialty chemicals |
| Key physical supply risks | Weather, harvest quality, packaging-material capacity and logistics | Chemical-plant capacity, mineral processing, supplier concentration and logistics |
| Common non-price influences | Packaging taxes, extended producer responsibility, formulation rules, currency and hedging | Tariffs, chemical regulation, currency, technical specifications and customer-sector demand |
| Why a market quote may not match reported cost | Contracts, inventory, hedges, substitutions, product mix and goods purchased for resale | Downstream feedstocks, contracts, inventory, formula limits, currency and regional supply |
The comparison shows why a cross-sector ranking is misleading. “Palm oil versus titanium dioxide” is not a like-for-like contest: one may be an agricultural input in a particular FMCG formula, while the other is an inorganic pigment in a particular coating. Their prices, units, contracts and accounting treatment differ.
How to interpret a company’s raw-material disclosure
- Read the category label exactly. Check whether it says raw materials, raw and packaging materials, raw materials and energy, or a broader category that includes goods purchased for resale.
- Identify the fiscal year and geography. A 2025 annual-report statement describes that company’s reporting period and markets, not a live global price.
- Separate physical inputs from cost drivers. A report may name a material because it is strategically important even when it does not disclose its share of total spending.
- Look for risk-management language. Hedging, forward buying, supplier alternatives, inventory and price increases explain why company costs can lag market movements.
- Check the product mix. A business with foods, personal care and home care may have very different exposures across divisions.
- Keep accounting and economics distinct. Cost of sales can include conversion, freight, depreciation and inventory effects in addition to the purchase price of materials.
Practical examples of cost transmission
A weather shock in an FMCG ingredient
Suppose drought reduces a crop used in an oil, emulsifier or food ingredient. The immediate effect may be a higher supplier quote or tighter availability. A manufacturer with contracted volume and inventory may see little change at first. If the shortage persists, it may qualify a substitute, alter the recipe, reduce promotions or raise prices. The eventual margin effect depends on all of those decisions, not on the crop price alone.
A crude-oil decline in a paint portfolio
Lower crude oil can reduce the cost of some resin or solvent feedstocks, as CPM Group reported for its 2025 period. The benefit may arrive slowly if suppliers are working through inventory or if contracts reset quarterly. It may also be offset by a pigment shortage, a currency depreciation, higher freight or stronger demand from automotive and construction customers.
A packaging regulation
Plastic usage taxes or extended producer-responsibility fees can raise the effective cost of a package even when polymer prices are flat. A company may respond by reducing material weight, increasing recycled content, changing the format or paying the fee. The accounting impact therefore comes from both the material and the regulatory design.
Bottom line
For FMCG, start with agricultural commodities, oils, food and processing ingredients, chemicals and packaging; for paint, start with resins, solvents, reactants, titanium dioxide, pigments, additives and epoxy. Then ask how weather, feedstocks, energy, supplier capacity, inventories, currency, tariffs, regulation, contracts and substitution affect the specific company. Unilever’s €19,643 million 2025 category and PPG’s named paint inputs demonstrate the scale and variety of exposure, but neither supports a universal ranking for every business.
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