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What Nginx means by a website “root”
In a LEMP stack, Linux stores the files, Nginx receives HTTP requests, and (when required) PHP-FPM executes PHP scripts. The directory exposed by Nginx is not chosen by the Linux distribution alone. It is selected by the root directive in the server block that handles a request.
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For example, if a server block contains:
root /srv/my-site/html;Nginx resolves a browser request for /images/logo.png as:
/srv/my-site/html/images/logo.pngThis URI-to-filesystem rule is documented in NGINX’s reference material and beginner’s guide. A request for / is handled by the server block’s index settings, while a request for a missing file can be rejected by a try_files rule. The directory name itself does not make a file executable, secure, or PHP-enabled; those behaviors come from the rest of the configuration.
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Choose a layout that matches your server
| Situation | Typical public directory | How it is selected | Important consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
| One site on a default Ubuntu install | /var/www/html |
Ubuntu’s enabled default server block | Fastest path for a simple static site; replace or edit the default content deliberately. |
| One custom site | /srv/my-site/html or another dedicated path |
A custom server block with its own root |
Keeps the site independent of the distribution’s example files and makes deployments easier to organize. |
| Several domains | For example, /var/www/example.com/html for each domain |
One matching server-block file per domain, enabled under /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ |
Separate roots prevent one site’s files from being accidentally served for another domain. |
| Static site | Any of the paths above | root, index, and usually try_files |
Only files intended for download or display need to be present. |
| PHP application | Any of the paths above | The same root, plus a PHP location forwarding to PHP-FPM |
Putting a .php file under the root does not execute it by itself. |
/var/www/html is an Ubuntu convention, not a universal LEMP requirement. Ubuntu’s own guidance notes that even a single-site installation may place its files elsewhere. A /srv path is equally valid when the active configuration points to it and the Nginx worker can read it.
Set up a single custom site
The following sequence creates a site at /srv/my-site/html. Substitute your own domain and path where appropriate. Run administrative commands with an account that has sudo access.
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sudo mkdir -p /srv/my-site/html - Add only public assets. Place the site’s entry page, stylesheets, JavaScript, images, fonts, and application entry points below this directory. Keep database dumps, private keys, deployment configuration, backups, and environment files outside it.
- Create a test index page.
sudo sh -c 'printf "%sn" "<h1>My site</h1>" > /srv/my-site/html/index.html' - Set directory permissions. Ubuntu’s example uses mode 755 for a custom tree, which allows traversal and reading while preventing ordinary users from writing through the directory unless ownership or group permissions grant it.
sudo chmod -R 755 /srv/my-siteUse a more narrowly managed owner and group for a real deployment if an application must write to selected directories.
- Create a server-block file. A typical static configuration is:
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
root /srv/my-site/html;
index index.html;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}- Save and enable the site. On Ubuntu and Debian, save the block as
/etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com, then create the enabled-site symlink:
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/example.com- Check the complete configuration before applying it.
sudo nginx -tA successful test reports that the syntax is okay and the configuration test is successful. Correct any reported filename, brace, permission, or duplicate-listen errors before continuing.
- Reload Nginx without dropping existing connections.
sudo systemctl reload nginx
Once DNS points the domain at the server, request the site and confirm that the expected index file is returned. If the default Ubuntu page still appears, the request is probably matching another server block, the hostname is not reaching this machine, or the new file was not enabled.
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Organize multiple domains safely
For more than one domain, use a separate public tree and server-block file for each site. A clear arrangement might look like this:
/var/www/
├── example.com/
│ └── html/
│ ├── index.html
│ └── images/
└── example.net/
└── html/
└── index.htmlCreate each tree, put its public assets in the matching html directory, and give each domain a server block whose server_name and root agree. For example, the block for example.net should contain server_name example.net; and root /var/www/example.net/html;. Store the file in /etc/nginx/sites-available/ and enable it with a symlink in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/.
After enabling or changing several sites, run sudo nginx -t once and then sudo systemctl reload nginx. Separate roots provide isolation at the web-serving layer: a mistake in one site’s deployment is less likely to expose another site’s files, and each domain can later receive different rewrite, TLS, caching, or PHP settings.
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Set permissions for reading, not unrestricted writing
Nginx workers must be able to traverse every parent directory and read the files they serve. A file can have apparently correct mode bits and still produce a 403 response if one parent directory denies traversal. Check the complete path, not only the final file.
- Give the Nginx worker read access to public files and execute (traverse) access to their parent directories.
- Keep secrets, SSH keys, database credentials, backups, and deployment metadata outside the document root.
- Do not make the entire web root writable by the Nginx account merely because one upload or cache directory needs writes.
- Create narrowly scoped writable directories for uploads, generated thumbnails, sessions, or caches, and apply ownership and permissions only there.
- Review permissions after deployments; archive files and temporary copies can become downloadable if they are left under the public path.
Ubuntu’s illustrative custom-site setup applies mode 755 to the tree. That is a starting point for a simple read-only site, not a requirement to use the same ownership model for every application. Your deployment user, Nginx worker user, and application process may be different, so choose group membership and write permissions intentionally.
Static files and PHP files are handled differently
A static site needs a document root, an index file, and request handling such as try_files $uri $uri/ =404. That directive checks whether the requested path is a file or directory and returns a 404 response when neither exists.
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PHP requires an additional handoff. A PHP-enabled LEMP server normally includes a location matching .php requests and passes them to the installed PHP-FPM service through its Unix socket or listening address. The socket filename depends on the distribution and installed PHP version, so use the socket that exists on your server rather than copying a version-specific name blindly. A simplified pattern is:
location ~ .php$ {
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php-fpm.sock;
}The exact include file and socket path vary between Ubuntu or Debian releases and PHP packages. Verify them locally, test with nginx -t, and reload after changes. Keep the public root limited to files that should be reachable over HTTP; application source, configuration containing credentials, and private libraries should not be exposed simply because PHP can execute them.
Why Nginx returns 404 when the file exists
A 404 means the request did not resolve to the file Nginx expected in the active server context. Work through these checks in order:
- Confirm the active root. Inspect the server block selected for the requested hostname and verify its
rootpath. A file in/var/www/htmlwill not be found when the matching block points to/srv/my-site/html. - Translate the URI yourself. For a request such as
/css/site.css, append that URI to the configured root and check whether the exact case-sensitive path exists. - Check the hostname. Ensure the browser’s Host header matches
server_name. Testing by IP address can select the default server instead of the domain’s block. - Inspect the index setting. A request for
/needs an existing file named in theindexdirective, such asindex.htmlorindex.php. - Review
try_filesand rewrites. An incorrect fallback can send valid application routes to 404. For a purely static site,try_files $uri $uri/ =404is an explicit and predictable choice. - Test and reload the configuration. Nginx continues using the previous valid configuration until a reload succeeds. Run
sudo nginx -tand thensudo systemctl reload nginx. - Check permissions and logs. A permission problem often appears as 403 rather than 404, but logs reveal which path Nginx attempted and whether another rule handled the request.
Deployment patterns that avoid accidental exposure
For a small static site, deploying directly into the configured root is workable: upload the new HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and image files, then verify the result. For an application with frequent releases, keep versioned releases outside the public path and expose only the selected release through a controlled directory or symlink. This makes rollback possible without changing the server block every time.
Regardless of the deployment method, ensure the final path that Nginx follows remains readable and traversable. If an application needs to write user uploads, put those uploads in a dedicated directory and decide whether they should be served directly, validated before serving, or stored outside the web root and delivered through an application endpoint.
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Do not place a backup such as site.tar.gz, an editor swap file, a copied .env, or an unprocessed database export below the root. Nginx serves files according to path and configuration; it does not know that a file was intended only for administrators.
Verify the final result
- Open the domain over HTTP and confirm the expected index page, not the distribution’s welcome page.
- Request a known asset such as
/images/logo.pngand verify that it maps to the corresponding file below the configured root. - Request a deliberately missing path and confirm that the intended 404 behavior occurs.
- If PHP is configured, use a temporary, non-sensitive test script to confirm that PHP-FPM handles it, then remove the script.
- After DNS, TLS, or server-block changes, test each hostname separately because different names can select different blocks.
The durable rule is simple: files belong wherever the active server block says they belong. Use Ubuntu’s /var/www/html for the uncomplicated default case, choose a dedicated /srv or per-domain path when organization and isolation matter, and add PHP-FPM routing only when the application actually needs PHP execution.
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