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What to Know About Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Assessment and Treatment

By Freedom251 Team · · 3 min read

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A new lump, swelling, change in size, ache or feeling of heaviness in a testicle is worth discussing with a doctor. These changes can have causes other than cancer, and symptoms alone cannot diagnose it. A clinician can assess the change and arrange further tests if needed.

What is testicular cancer?

Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in one or both testicles. Almost all cases begin in germ cells, which make sperm. The two main germ-cell types are seminomas and nonseminomas; they can behave differently and affect treatment decisions. The National Cancer Institute says testicular cancer can usually be cured, even in late stages, but that general statement cannot predict an individual person’s outcome. National Cancer Institute: Testicular Cancer Treatment (PDQ)

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What changes should you get checked?

Contact a GP about a new or concerning change, such as:

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  • A lump or swelling in a testicle
  • A testicle getting bigger
  • An ache or pain in a testicle
  • A scrotum that feels heavy, firm or hard

These symptoms are common and can result from conditions other than cancer. Getting them assessed is sensible; it does not mean you have cancer. NHS: Testicular cancer symptoms

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How can you check your testicles?

Notice changes in how your testicles look or feel, including a new lump, swelling, change in size, ache or unusual heaviness. If you find something concerning, contact a GP rather than trying to determine its cause yourself. Checking is a way to notice changes, not a diagnostic test or a substitute for medical assessment. NHS guidance describes symptoms to look out for but does not make a self-check a diagnosis. NHS: Testicular cancer symptoms

What happens at a GP appointment?

A GP can ask about the change and examine your testicles. They may also check nearby lymph nodes and refer you for further assessment. The referral and tests help determine what is causing the change; a symptom or physical examination alone does not establish a cancer diagnosis. NHS: Testicular cancer

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What tests may be used?

Ultrasound and examination

Ultrasound is often the first imaging test when testicular cancer is suspected. It helps assess the testicle and the nature of a lump. A clinician’s examination and ultrasound findings inform whether more investigation is needed. American Cancer Society: How Testicular Cancer Is Diagnosed

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Blood tests and further imaging

Blood tests can measure tumor markers. Their results can contribute to diagnosis, help estimate the extent of disease, and be used to monitor treatment and follow-up. Other imaging may be used to assess whether cancer has spread. The care team selects tests based on the case. American Cancer Society: How Testicular Cancer Is Diagnosed

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Why a biopsy is not usually the first step

A biopsy of a testicular tumor is rarely performed. If suspicion is high, clinicians may recommend surgery to remove the affected testicle; a pathologist then examines it in the laboratory. The specialist team explains why this approach is appropriate in an individual case. American Cancer Society: How Testicular Cancer Is Diagnosed

How is testicular cancer treated?

Removal of the affected testicle, called an orchidectomy, is the main treatment described by the NHS. Depending on the specific cancer and its extent, surgery may be the only treatment needed or may be followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The care team decides the plan; the relevant factors include:

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  • The tumor type
  • The tumor’s size
  • Whether the cancer has spread
  • The person’s general health

These factors guide a specialist’s recommendation; they are not a basis for choosing treatment without the clinical team. NHS: Testicular cancer treatment

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What about fertility?

Some treatment can affect fertility. The NHS says sperm collection and storage can be offered before treatment. Ask the specialist team about fertility and preservation options before treatment begins, so the discussion can take place while choices are available. NHS: Testicular cancer treatment

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