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In this article, “electric shock for controlled release” means a police use of a conducted energy weapon (CEW), also called a conducted energy device (CED). These devices may temporarily incapacitate someone or cause pain intended to gain compliance. A CEW deployment is a use-of-force decision—not a routine way to calm or restrain someone—and its legal threshold, approved devices and medical safeguards depend on the jurisdiction. Different devices and deployments should not be assumed to have identical effects.
What is a conducted energy weapon?
A CEW is a law-enforcement device used to apply an electrical discharge to a person. The term includes devices used in different modes; the evidence and rules for one device or mode do not automatically apply to all others. The central policy question is not simply whether a device can cause temporary incapacitation, but whether its use is legally authorized and reasonable in the circumstances.
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Public Safety Canada describes CEWs within a recognized use-of-force framework for Canadian agencies. Its guidance is intended to assist provinces, territories, police services and other agencies; it is not a universal legal rule, and jurisdictions may adopt some or all of its elements.
When can police use a CEW?
There is no single worldwide threshold. In Canada, Public Safety Canada says force must comply with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Criminal Code, and officers should use a level of force that is appropriate and reasonable in the totality of the circumstances. CEW deployment should fit a recognized use-of-force framework, with de-escalation or other options considered as appropriate. The applicable law and agency policy in a particular place determine the actual authority and limits.
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Warnings and use of force
Public Safety Canada recommends a verbal warning where tactically feasible: “Where tactically feasible, officers should issue a verbal warning so the subject is aware that a CEW is about to be deployed.” Whether a warning is feasible depends on the situation; the guidance does not make it an unconditional prerequisite in every circumstance.
People and situations that call for particular caution
Canadian national guidance advises, where possible, against using a CEW on a restrained person; a person known to be pregnant, an elderly person, a young child or someone visibly frail; or a person controlling a moving conveyance. It also advises avoiding sensitive areas such as the head, neck or genitals. These are safeguards in Canadian guidance, not a substitute for the rules of the relevant jurisdiction.
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What happens after someone is shocked?
Effects and risks depend on the person, device, deployment and circumstances. The available findings do not support treating every exposure as either harmless or predictably dangerous. A person may also be hurt by events around the discharge: muscular incapacitation can lead to a fall, including from a height or slope. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) expert panel also identified ignition where flammable materials are present and drowning when exposure occurs in water as secondary-injury concerns.
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An expert panel convened with support from the NIJ and partner medical organizations reported in May 2011 that the medical literature it reviewed provided no conclusive evidence of a high risk of serious injury or death from direct or indirect cardiovascular or metabolic effects of short-term exposure among healthy, non-stressed, non-intoxicated people. The panel did not establish zero risk: it said rare direct lethal effects could not be excluded, findings for some potentially at-risk groups were unclear, and the effects of prolonged or repeated exposure were not fully understood.
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The same NIJ summary reported estimated risks of death below 0.25 percent (one in 400) in a CEW-related use-of-force incident in the general population, and of significant injury of 0.5–0.7 percent. These are estimates reported in the 2011 expert-panel summary, not guarantees for an individual exposure or figures that establish the risk for every device, person or operational context.
Repeated exposure and newer device-specific evidence
The NIJ panel recommended minimizing or avoiding multiple or prolonged activations because their effects were not fully understood. A separate, newer UK assessment by the Scientific Advisory Committee on the Medical Implications of Less-Lethal Weapons (SACMILL) discussed an Axon-sponsored study involving an eight-second TASER 10 discharge with multiple probes on the backs of human volunteers. Five of 22 participants experienced apnoea during exposure, and two experienced syncope at the end. Those are observations in that specific volunteer study, not population risk rates.
SACMILL described the apnoea and syncope findings as concerning and said their mechanisms remained unclear. It emphasized ending a discharge once the desired effect has been achieved, citing potential risks from prolonged exposure, including respiratory arrest. Its device-specific assessment and the broader, older NIJ review address different evidence and do not settle the risk for every device, exposure duration, person or operational setting.
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What safeguards apply during and after a deployment?
Duration, cycles and medical help
Public Safety Canada advises avoiding multiple or extended cycles unless a single deployment is ineffective in eliminating risk or allowing officers to gain control. It recommends seeking medical help as soon as practicable, when feasible, after multiple or extended cycling, or if the person is injured, distressed or asks for assistance. Screening and observation after exposure were also recommended by the NIJ panel.
British Columbia’s additional requirements
British Columbia has a more specific provincial standard, last updated August 11, 2026. It requires paramedic attendance before a CEW discharge—or as soon as possible afterward when advance attendance is not feasible—for listed medically high-risk incidents. The specified circumstances include:
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- Probe mode across the chest.
- Any mode lasting longer than five seconds, including an additional discharge from the same or another CEW.
- Use against someone the officer has reason to believe is emotionally disturbed, elderly, pregnant or a child, or has a medical condition such as heart disease or an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator.
This is a British Columbia requirement, not a general international standard. Medical-response rules elsewhere may differ.
Which CEW models are authorized?
Approval is jurisdiction- and service-specific, not an indication that a device is suitable for consumer use or approved everywhere. British Columbia lists the TASER X26P and TASER 7 as approved models under its policing standard. That list applies to the covered services and standard in that province; it should not be read as an international authorization list.
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A fair comparison keeps unlike rules and studies separate. Check these factors before drawing conclusions about a particular incident, policy or device:
- Jurisdiction and legal authority: Identify the law and agency policy that apply to the incident.
- Force threshold: Look at the required level of threat, the reasonableness standard and expectations for de-escalation.
- Device and mode: A finding about a specific model or deployment mode may not transfer to another.
- Warning and exposure: Consider whether a warning was feasible, how many activations occurred and how long they lasted.
- Secondary hazards: Account for falls, height or slope, flammable materials and water.
- Medical response and oversight: Check screening, observation, paramedic attendance, reporting and review requirements.
Canadian national guidance, British Columbia’s provincial standards, the NIJ’s 2011 expert review and SACMILL’s device-specific UK assessment answer different questions. None should be presented as a substitute for the others.
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