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A free scan shows the junk files, broken settings and background clutter dragging Windows down - then fixes them in one click.Free scan · Windows 10 & 11Build a kit that can keep your household supplied for several days when utilities, communications, transport or shops are disrupted. Start with drinking water and food, then add a way to receive alerts, lighting, first aid, sanitation supplies, basic tools and the medicines, documents and equipment your household actually uses.
A “public-health crisis” can mean an infectious-disease outbreak, a biological incident or a radiation emergency. No single mask, medicine or filter works for all of them. Use the general kit below as a foundation, then follow current instructions from local public-health and emergency authorities for the specific hazard.
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How much water and food should you store?
Use the one-gallon baseline
FEMA’s in-depth preparedness guide uses one gallon of drinking water per person per day as a planning baseline. That is a quantity for drinking and does not guarantee enough water for every possible cooking, cleaning or medical use. Children, older adults, people who are pregnant, and anyone with a health condition may need a different plan.
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The same guide gives three, seven or fourteen days as example durations that may fit different locations. Those are examples, not a universal legal requirement. Choose a duration with your local hazards, household size, storage space and likely access to outside help in mind.
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Choose food that works during an outage
Pack non-perishable food that household members will actually eat and that fits allergies, medical diets, cultural preferences and age-related needs. Include items that can be opened and eaten without electricity, plus a manual can opener if you store canned food. Plan how food will be prepared if the power is out; a kit that requires an electric appliance is incomplete.
Store water and food where everyone can reach them without moving heavy objects or entering a dangerous area. Keep a smaller supply in a portable bag if household members may need to leave quickly.
How will you receive alerts and see in a power failure?
Use more than one alert route
A battery-powered or hand-crank radio that receives NOAA Weather Radio alerts belongs in the basic kit. Keep replaceable batteries with it, even if the radio has a hand-crank or another backup power source. A phone can provide useful alerts, but mobile networks, internet access and a charged battery may fail during a crisis. The FEMA app can provide National Weather Service alerts for up to five locations and help find shelters; it is an additional channel, not a replacement for a radio.
Provide dependable light and charging
Pack a flashlight and extra batteries. A headlamp can leave both hands free, but the essential requirement is a reliable light source that household members know how to operate. Add a phone power bank or spare battery and the correct charging cable. Test charging equipment with the phones and other devices you may depend on for official instructions.
What first-aid and sanitation supplies belong in the kit?
First aid for ordinary injuries
FEMA’s basic checklist includes a first-aid kit and a whistle. Select a kit whose contents match the people in your home and that you can replenish. Check whether it contains the basic dressings and tools you routinely use; a sealed package is not useful if nobody knows what is inside or how to replace an item after it is used.
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Hand hygiene and waste handling
For a public-health emergency, sanitation is as important as bandages. Include soap or alcohol-based hand sanitizer as appropriate, along with moist towelettes, garbage bags and plastic ties. These supplies support hand cleaning and allow you to isolate and close waste when normal collection or plumbing is disrupted.
Keep personal hygiene items that are easy to overlook, such as toilet paper, menstrual products, toothbrushes, toothpaste and needed cleaning supplies. The exact amount depends on household size and the expected duration; FEMA’s checklist establishes the categories, not a universal quantity for each item.
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Basic tools
- A wrench or pliers for utility shutoff, if your home has accessible shutoffs and the person using the tool knows how to operate them safely.
- A manual can opener for canned food.
- Local maps in case digital navigation is unavailable.
- A whistle for signaling if someone is trapped or separated from the household.
Do not shut off gas, electricity or water unless local instructions call for it and you understand the correct procedure. If you are unsure, wait for trained responders rather than experimenting during an emergency.
Shelter-in-place materials
FEMA lists dust masks, plastic sheeting and duct tape for sheltering-in-place needs when relevant. These materials can help with basic temporary sealing or dust control, but they are not proof that a room is safe from a particular pathogen, chemical or radioactive material. Follow the instructions issued for the actual hazard.
How should you tailor the kit to household members?
Prescriptions and medical equipment
Add essential prescription medicines and personal medical supplies, and keep glasses or contact-lens supplies if someone depends on them. Medication storage rules vary by product, so ask a pharmacist or clinician how to maintain an emergency supply without damaging the medicine. Include written medication names, doses, prescriber details and allergy information in case a normal pharmacy or medical record is temporarily unavailable.
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Infants, older adults and disability-related needs
Infant supplies may include formula, bottles and diapers. People who use mobility, communication, hearing, vision or respiratory equipment should plan for the equipment’s power, charging, maintenance and consumables. Do not assume that a general first-aid kit covers these needs.
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FEMA specifically identifies pet food and water as possible additions. Include any medicines, leashes, carriers, identification details and waste supplies that your animals require. Service animals may need the same core supplies as pets, while also needing uninterrupted access to their working equipment.
Documents, money and contact information
Keep copies of important household documents in a protected form, along with some cash and an up-to-date contact list. Include insurance, identification, medical and emergency-contact information as appropriate. A paper copy remains usable when a phone is lost, uncharged or outside network coverage.
What changes for an infectious-disease outbreak?
An outbreak does not automatically call for a special medicine cabinet or one universal respirator. Keep the general water, food, alerting, first-aid and sanitation supplies ready, then follow current local public-health guidance about testing, isolation, vaccination, ventilation, masks and medical care. Requirements can differ by pathogen, location and stage of the response.
Hand hygiene supplies and a way to manage household waste are broadly useful. Maintain each person’s prescribed medicines and essential medical items rather than buying unverified drugs “just in case.” Ask a clinician or pharmacist about storage, interactions and what to do if a regular refill becomes difficult.
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When are respirators, plastic sheeting or filters appropriate?
Respirators are hazard-dependent
FEMA’s in-depth guide names N95 respirators and says to ensure fit. That guidance does not establish that an N95 is suitable or sufficient for every public-health threat. Respirator effectiveness depends on the hazard, the model, a proper seal and correct use. Facial hair, poor fit or incorrect wearing can reduce protection. Use the type and fit instructions issued by the relevant health or emergency authority.
Do not generalize radiation guidance
Ready.gov’s radiation material recommends multiple alert channels, a battery or hand-crank radio, sealed food, water and medication, a change of clothes and a bag for potentially contaminated clothing. Those recommendations are for a radiation emergency; they are not a general infectious-disease checklist. If authorities instruct you to remove clothing after possible contamination, follow their directions for bagging, washing and sheltering.
Understand the limits of HEPA advice
A Ready.gov biohazard resource discusses a HEPA filter in a specific ventilation context. That does not mean a filter makes a home safe for every biological hazard. Use filtration only as part of a hazard-specific plan that matches the equipment, room and official instructions.
How do you assemble a home kit and portable kits?
Build the full home kit first
- Write down the people, animals, medicines, equipment and dietary needs the kit must support.
- Calculate the water baseline: one gallon per person per day, multiplied by the number of days you are planning for.
- Add non-perishable food, a manual can opener, radio, batteries, flashlight, first aid and sanitation supplies.
- Add household-specific medicines, glasses, infant supplies, pet supplies, documents, cash and charging equipment.
- Place everything in clearly labeled containers that remain accessible during a power outage or evacuation.
Make portable versions
FEMA recommends a full home kit plus smaller portable kits where household members spend time. A work, school or vehicle bag can contain water, ready-to-eat food, a flashlight, a small first-aid and sanitation set, essential medicines, a phone cable and contact information. Keep the portable contents consistent with the home plan so a person is not relying on a completely different set of instructions or medicines.
Record and maintain the contents
Label the kit with an inventory and review it whenever prescriptions, household members, pets or contact details change. Test radios, flashlights and power banks; replace batteries and any food, water or medical item that is damaged, expired or stored contrary to its instructions. Recheck the kit after using it and restore missing supplies.
How should you compare products in each category?
FEMA names categories rather than endorsing brands or models. Compare products by function and household fit:
| Category | What to check | Important limitation |
|---|---|---|
| Emergency radio | NOAA alert reception, battery and hand-crank power options, and availability of replaceable batteries | A radio supplements, rather than replaces, other official alert channels |
| First-aid kit | Contents appropriate to your household and the ability to replenish used items | The checklist establishes the category, not a required model or universal contents |
| Respirator | Suitability for the named hazard, correct size and fit, and instructions from authorities | Product labeling alone does not prove protection in every setting |
| Food and water | Quantity for the household and planned duration, storage requirements, and preparation without electricity | The one-gallon figure is a drinking-water baseline; local conditions may require a different plan |
What mistakes make an emergency kit unreliable?
- Planning for an undefined crisis: A biological outbreak, radiation event and ordinary storm can require different protective actions. Start with the universal basics, then apply the relevant official guidance.
- Buying protection without checking fit or use: An N95 or dust mask is not automatically appropriate for every hazard, and an ill-fitting respirator can provide less protection.
- Ignoring personal needs: A kit without prescriptions, glasses, infant supplies, pet water or disability-related equipment may fail the people it is meant to protect.
- Relying on one technology: Phones, internet service and household power can fail. Keep a radio, spare batteries, a flashlight and paper information.
- Storing supplies where they cannot be reached: Heavy containers, locked rooms or a single location that may be inaccessible undermine the plan. Keep portable kits where people actually spend time.
- Never practicing: Test the radio, open the food with the intended can opener, check charging cables and make sure household members know where the kit and documents are kept.
What is the practical minimum?
At minimum, provide several days of drinking water and suitable non-perishable food; a NOAA-capable battery or hand-crank radio with spare batteries; a flashlight; first aid and a whistle; hand-hygiene and waste supplies; a manual can opener and local maps; and the prescriptions, medical items, documents, cash, charging equipment, infant supplies and pet food your household needs. Treat respirators, plastic sheeting, clothing bags and filters as hazard-specific tools, not universal answers. Revisit the kit whenever household needs or official public-health instructions change.
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