Stop the agent’s ability to continue the risky action, preserve the records needed to understand what happened, and investigate before deciding the scope or notification duties. Contain the specific agent, credential, tool, or resource where possible; shutting down an entire environment is not automatically the right response.
1. Stop the activity without destroying evidence
Pause the current run or disable the agent’s ability to perform the implicated action. Then contain the access path that could cause further harm: its identity or credential, the relevant tool or integration, or the affected data store. If the agent can still reach the resource, restrict that resource while you investigate.
Choose the narrowest effective control that is safe in your environment. A credential may be shared by other services; revoking it without checking dependencies can disrupt them. Conversely, merely pausing one run is not enough if the agent can start another or a connected tool can continue acting. OWASP recommends minimum necessary tools, per-tool permission scopes—including separating read from write where possible—and explicit authorization for sensitive operations in its AI Agent Security Cheat Sheet. CISA and partners’ May 1, 2026 bulletin also advises against broad or unrestricted agent access, especially to sensitive data or critical systems (CISA bulletin).
| Containment action | What it can stop | What to check before or during use |
|---|---|---|
| Pause the run or agent | Further actions from that run or agent, depending on how execution is managed. | Whether queued work, scheduled runs, or connected tools can still act. |
| Revoke, rotate, or narrow a credential | Use of that identity or secret, if the agent’s access depends on it. | Whether the credential is shared, and whether a suspected exposed secret needs replacement rather than only a permission change. |
| Disable or scope down a tool or integration | Actions available through that particular connection. | Whether other agents or services depend on it, and whether read and write access can be separated. |
| Restrict the affected account or data store | Further access to the resource, including through another route. | Potential impact on people or services that legitimately rely on it; preserve access logs and relevant records where feasible. |
These controls can be combined. The right choice depends on how the agent is deployed, which identities it uses, and what is still running.
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2. Preserve a reliable record
After urgent containment is underway, preserve the records that can establish what happened. Record the time of detection, the actions responders took and when, and any known changes to the environment. Keep relevant materials in protected storage, preferably immutable storage where available; avoid copying secrets or sensitive content into a new, uncontrolled log.
- Agent inference records and tool-call records, if retained.
- Identity, access, audit, and system logs for the relevant accounts and resources.
- The agent’s configuration, deployment or build details, and version in use at the time.
- Relevant data or system state that could show what was read, changed, or deleted.
- A timeline connecting the agent’s actions to resource events and responder actions.
Some systems do not retain every useful record, so note what is unavailable rather than treating missing logs as proof that an action did not occur. The OWASP GenAI Incident Response Guide identifies inference and access logs, system traces, configurations, build and deployment metadata, and associated datasets as potentially relevant artifacts. It also recommends documenting detection, containment, scope, root cause, resolution, and communications.
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3. Establish what the agent could do—and what it did
Treat the initial report as an allegation to investigate, not yet as a complete account of impact. Reconstruct the agent’s effective access during the relevant time window: identify the version, acting identity and credentials, available tools, connected resources, and data sources. Compare those permissions with the task the agent was meant to perform.
Then correlate tool calls and resource-side records to establish actual events. A model’s statement that it intended to read or change something does not, by itself, establish that the action succeeded. Classify evidence-supported actions separately:
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- Read or exposure: Determine which records the agent retrieved and whether their content appeared in a response, tool output, log, citation, or other location accessible to someone else.
- Change or deletion: Identify affected records, the operation performed, and whether the change can be reversed or restored from a reliable source.
- onward transmission: Check for exports, messages, external tool calls, or handoffs to other agents that could have moved data beyond the original resource.
Do not assume an unexpected action was limited to the first tool or data store involved. OWASP identifies tool abuse, data exfiltration, sensitive-data exposure, memory poisoning, and cascading failures among agent risks; its guidance also recommends testing that information is not leaked through tool calls, citations, logs, or final output (OWASP AI Agent Security Cheat Sheet).
4. Fix the authorization failure and test the boundary
Once the likely access path is understood, correct the control that allowed it. The agent should have only the tools, resources, and operations needed for its task—not broad access that happens to make a workflow convenient.
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- Scope credentials to named resources and necessary operations; separate read and write permissions where the system allows it.
- For consequential actions, keep authorization outside the model: independently verify the acting identity, target, and requested operation before execution.
- Require human approval when the action’s risk warrants it, and bind approval to the specific action and target.
- Use short-lived authorization and replay protection for irreversible operations where feasible.
- Make the system fail closed if a required policy check, approval validation, classification, or audit step fails.
Before restoring the relevant capability, test that the action that should have been denied is now denied, as well as the legitimate task the agent still needs to perform. Include adversarial tests for tool misuse, privilege escalation, and data exfiltration. OWASP’s AI Agent Security Cheat Sheet discusses these controls and testing areas.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.5. Assess notification duties with the right specialists
An unauthorized agent action is not automatically a legally reportable data breach. Whether notice is required, to whom, and by when depends on the facts, data, jurisdiction, contracts, and applicable rules. Bring in the organization’s privacy and legal specialists and relevant service providers promptly; use the organization’s incident-response plan to coordinate decisions and communications. The general guidance cited here does not determine any particular organization’s legal duties.
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NIST SP 800-61 Rev. 3, published in April 2025, supersedes Rev. 2 and integrates incident-response recommendations with cybersecurity risk management under CSF 2.0. NIST SP 1800-29, published in February 2024, addresses detecting, responding to, and recovering from data-confidentiality attacks. They are useful organizational references, not universal AI-agent-specific playbooks: NIST SP 800-61 Rev. 3 and NIST SP 1800-29.
6. Restore capabilities deliberately and review the incident
Restore only the access the agent needs after responders have verified the repaired boundary. Monitor the agent and connected systems for unexpected actions as the capability returns. If a third-party model, package, or provider may be involved, coordinate with the provider and verify the integrity of any updated component; the OWASP incident-response guide recommends checks such as signature or checksum validation, baseline comparison, and scanning for tampering.
Close the response with a documented review across the relevant security, privacy, engineering, and operations teams. Record the established scope, root cause, attack path, remediation, and communications, and update the relevant inventories and controls. Use the findings to adjust permissions and tests so a similar task cannot silently regain the same excessive access.
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