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Freedom251 › Blog › beach safety

What to Do If You Swim in Contaminated Beach Water

By Freedom251 Team · · 4 min read

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Get out of the water and avoid further exposure. If a harmful algal bloom may be present, rinse your skin promptly with tap water. If coastal water reached an open wound, wash it thoroughly with soap and clean running water. Watch for illness and contact a healthcare provider if you become sick after swimming.

What to do right after exposure

  1. Leave the water. Do not continue swimming in water under an advisory or closure, or where a harmful algal bloom may be present.
  2. Rinse promptly if an algal bloom is possible. Use tap water on skin that touched the water. CDC recommends rinsing immediately after contact with water that may have a harmful algal bloom: CDC guidance on preventing illnesses caused by harmful algal blooms.
  3. Wash any exposed wound. If coastal water reached a cut, scrape, surgical site, piercing, or tattoo, clean it thoroughly with soap and clean running water. This includes salt or brackish water. CDC advises avoiding swimming with an open wound when possible: CDC guidance on preventing Vibrio infection.
  4. Check the beach status. Look for notices from the beach manager, local health department, or state health agency. Closures and advisories can change, and CDC especially recommends checking conditions after heavy rainfall: CDC guidance on safely visiting oceans, lakes, and rivers.

There is no cited guidance recommending a special cleansing product, preventive medication, or routine antibiotics for everyone after a swim. If you swallowed water but feel well, monitor for symptoms rather than assuming illness will occur.

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How to judge whether the water may be unsafe

Follow posted closures and advisories even if the water looks clear. Germs and other hazards are not always visible. Warning signs that can accompany a harmful algal bloom include unusual discoloration, foam, scum, algae mats, paint-like streaks, a bad odor, or dead fish. CDC notes that toxins can sometimes be present even when a bloom is not visible.

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Pollution may also enter beach water through runoff or sewage releases; heavy rain can increase concern. Avoid water near drainage pipes and do not rely on appearance or smell alone to decide that a beach is safe. Check local or state notices for the current conditions.

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What symptoms to watch for

Swimming-related illness can affect the stomach and intestines, skin, ears, eyes, lungs, or wounds. Possible symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, stomachache, fever, headache, rash, swimmer’s ear, cough, sore throat, or eye and lung irritation. Harmful algal bloom exposure can cause hay-fever-like symptoms, skin rash, sore throat, cough, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; some toxin exposures can affect the liver or kidneys.

Contact a healthcare provider if you become ill after swimming. If you suspect an illness related to a harmful algal bloom, CDC advises contacting a healthcare provider or a Poison Center. In the United States, call 1-800-222-1222. When seeking advice, describe the beach and when you were there, whether you swallowed water or had wound contact, and whether you saw a bloom or advisory. If you are concerned about an infected wound, specifically mention that it contacted coastal or brackish water.

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How the type of exposure changes the response

Exposure What to do Why it matters
Possible harmful algal bloom on skin Rinse promptly with tap water. CDC recommends rinsing after touching water that may have a harmful bloom. Toxins may sometimes be present without visible bloom signs.
Coastal water contacted an open wound Wash thoroughly with soap and clean running water. Contact a healthcare provider if you become ill or the wound appears infected, and mention the water exposure. Open wounds can provide an entry route for Vibrio and other germs. People with underlying conditions, especially liver disease, should take this exposure seriously.
You swallowed water but have no symptoms Monitor for illness; contact a healthcare provider if symptoms develop. Swallowed contaminated water can transmit germs, but exposure does not mean illness is certain. The cited guidance gives no special treatment for an asymptomatic person.

Who should take extra care

Children, pregnant people, and people with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of swimming-related illness, according to CDC. People with weakened immune systems should discuss recreational-water exposure with their healthcare provider. CDC also warns that Cryptosporidium-contaminated recreational water can cause life-threatening symptoms in people with weakened immune systems. For coastal water contacting an open wound, underlying conditions—especially liver disease—are an added concern.

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How exposure happens—and how to reduce it

Natural water can contain germs from human or animal waste, including pollution carried by runoff or sewage releases. Swallowing water can expose you to germs; contaminated water can also cause problems through contact with a wound or, in some cases, the ears, eyes, nose, throat, or skin. Harmful algal blooms present a different concern because they can produce toxins.

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EPA says people are less likely to be exposed to waterborne pathogens if they wade or swim without putting their head under water. Avoiding swallowing water and heeding local advisories can reduce exposure, but neither makes water under a closure safe. EPA describes the health effects associated with polluted beach water at What Affects Human Health at the Beach.

Risk depends on the contaminant, how much water was swallowed, whether water reached a wound, beach conditions, and a person’s health. There is no single risk estimate or testing protocol in the cited guidance for every person who feels well after a swim.

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